Disease relevance of TATA Box

• The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is required for transcription by RNA polymerase III (pol III), even though many pol III templates, such as the adenovirus VA1 gene, lack a consensus TATA box [1].
• This leads to the activation of downstream promoter elements (TATA box and initiation, I, region) of three different regulated yeast promoters fused to the E. coli lacZ gene [2].
• This repression was mediated through binding to the E2 DNA-binding site immediately upstream of the P105 promoter TATA box and could be abrogated by preincubation of the HPV-18 P105 promoter template with the nuclear extract allowing the formation of the preinitiation complex [3].
• Regulation of tyrosinase gene expression by cAMP in B16 melanoma cells involves two CATGTG motifs surrounding the TATA box: implication of the microphthalmia gene product [4].
• These regions, when fused to the proximal, or "TATA box," element of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter, are able to direct Sp1-dependent transcription in vitro [5].

High impact information on TATA Box

• A regulated two-step mechanism of TBP binding to DNA: a solvent-exposed surface of TBP inhibits TATA box recognition [6].
• Here, we show that a nucleosome obstructing transcription from the IFN-beta promoter slides in vivo in response to virus infection, thus exposing the previously masked TATA box and the initiation site, a requirement for transcriptional activation [7].
• Solution structure of a TBP-TAF(II)230 complex: protein mimicry of the minor groove surface of the TATA box unwound by TBP [8].
• Here we show that the MMTV promoter contains two degenerated octamer motifs immediately upstream of the TATA box that together bind OTF-1 (Oct-1, NFIII) with an affinity similar to the octamer consensus [9].
• Transcription of the lymphocyte-specific terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase gene begins at a single nucleotide, but no TATA box is present [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of TATA Box

• In patients with chronic hepatitis C, concentration of total serum bilirubin was significantly correlated with TATA box genotypes [11].
• The function of guanosine residues surrounding the TATA box of the adenovirus 2 major late promoter (MLP) in promoting efficient transcription initiation and in selecting a specific transcription start site in vitro has been examined [12].
• The promoter region contains no TATA box but appears to rely instead on multiple GC-rich start sites (P0, P1, and P2) for transcription initiation in rat brain as well as C6 glioma cells [13].
• Retinoic acid (RA)-dependent activation of the RA receptor beta2 (RARbeta2) gene in embryonal carcinoma cells is mediated by binding of retinoid receptor heterodimers (RAR/RXR) to a RA response element (RARE) located closely to the TATA box [14].
• However, the relative induction of PEPCK gene expression by DEX, RA and cAMP, and its repression by INS, remained unaltered despite the substitution of the PEPCK TATA box with TATA elements from the herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase gene, gene 33 or a consensus TATA box sequence, TATAAA [15].

Biological context of TATA Box

• MLTF binds specifically and with high affinity to sequences upstream of the TATA box of the major late promoter [16].
• The enhanceosome is assembled in the nucleosome-free enhancer region of the IFN-beta gene, leading to the modification and remodeling of a strategically positioned nucleosome that masks the TATA box and the start site of transcription [17].
• Several potential RNA polymerase termination sites exist in the immediate 3' flanking regions of the loci studied; however, no TATA box is found in the immediate 5' flanking sequences [18].
• Minimal promoter elements that can function independently or together, depending on the specific promoter, include the upstream TATA box and a pyrimidine-rich initiator (Inr) overlapping the transcription start site [19].
• By using a synthetic octamer oligonucleotide inserted upstream of the beta-globin TATA box we show here that the octamer element by itself is sufficient for directing lymphocyte-specific RNA synthesis when within 70 base pairs of the start site of transcription [20].

Anatomical context of TATA Box

• These cell lines also contain a specific factor, GHF-1, that binds to two sites upstream to the hGH TATA box [21].
• A partially purified natural human TATA box-binding factor (TFIID) from HeLa cells gave footprints that extended from upstream of the TATA box through the downstream initiator [22].
• An enhancer located between the TATA box and the transcriptional start site is responsible for VCAM-1 gene expression in muscle-this element is inactive in endothelial cells where VCAM-1 expression is dependent on nuclear factor kappaB sites and inflammatory cytokines [23].
• Similarly, disruption of the TATA box did not reduce tk promoter activity in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts or in immortalized 3T3 mouse fibroblasts; in fact, promoter activity was increased up to 2.6-fold [24].
• We discovered that a unique p35 transcript is induced in monocytes that begins downstream of a consensus TATA box that lies within the 5' end of the cDNA originally cloned from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cells [25].

Associations of TATA Box with chemical compounds

• The previously described B factor (an RNA polymerase II transcription factor that binds to the TATA box), isolated from nonshocked cells, is significantly reduced in both binding and transcriptional activity in heat-shocked cells [26].
• (2) Cavities in the interface between TBP and the minor-groove face of the AdMLP TATA box accommodate the exocyclic NH(2) groups of G in a TACA box and in a TATAAG box [27].
• We show here that a 2-3 bp mispositioning of the nucleosome covering the TATA box at PHO5 induces a dependency on the acetylatable lysine residues of the histone H4 N-terminal region and on the TFIID-associated bromodomain factor Bdf1 [28].
• Proline-rich domains, as e.g. in AP-2 and CTF/NF1, with considerable promoter activity and low enhancer activity in mammalian cells stimulate transcription in yeast only from a position close to the TATA box [29].
• An Sp1-like factor and a guanine stretch-binding protein were found to bind to overlapping sites immediately upstream of the TATA box [30].

Gene context of TATA Box

• When the GAL4 sites were placed immediately upstream of the E4 TATA box, GAL4 stimulated efficiently [31].
• These studies reveal that NC2 (Dr1-Drap1) is a bifunctional basal transcription factor that differentially regulates gene transcription through DPE or TATA box motifs [32].
• Templates were prepared with either the TATA box or transcription start sites of the yeast CYC1 promoter in a nucleosome [33].
• Photofootprinting in vivo of GAL1 reveals an activation-dependent pattern between the UASG and the TATA box, in a sequence not required for transcriptional activation by GAL4 [34].
• We noticed that genes involved in hair-specific gene expression possess LEF-1/TCF-1 consensus motifs located in similar positions relative to their TATA box [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of TATA Box

• The genomic nucleotide sequence upstream from the new exon, as determined using inverse polymerase chain reaction, revealed the presence of sequences similar to a TATA box, an octamer motif and an MEF-2 element [36].
• Footprinting analysis, transient transfections, promoter mutagenesis, and mobility shift assays suggest that WT1 regulates Dax-1 via GC-rich binding sites found upstream of the Dax-1 TATA box [37].
• In addition, 13S E1A stimulated the transcriptional activity of the C-terminal 80 amino acids of p65 at a core promoter with either a TATA box or an initiator (INR) element [38].
• Sequence analysis showed that the region lacked a TATA box but contained two typical stimulating factor (Sp) 1 sites, two NF-kappaB sites, one IFN-regulatory factor site and one AP-1 site [39].
• Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis experiments identified a functional ROR-responsive element (RORE) in the rat and mouse apoA-I gene promoters, which overlaps with the TATA box [40].

References