Disease relevance of 3' Flanking Region

• Two of the recombinant phages carry insertions of 14 and 18 kilobase pairs, respectively, which together cover one complete copy of the C3 gene and several hundred nucleotides of its 5' and 3' flanking sequences [1].
• Recently an hypoxia responsive enhancer was identified in the 3' flanking region of the mouse and human Epo genes [2].
• The minigene contains 5' flanking regions, all dhfr coding sequences, one intervening sequence, 11.5 kb of 3' flanking regions beyond the termination codon, an E. coli plasmid origin of replication and antibiotic resistance, and an SV40 minimal origin of replication; the total size is 17.2 kb [3].
• To examine the hypothesis that glucokinase plays a key role in the predisposition to common familial Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, we typed 399 members of 18 Utah pedigrees with multiple Type 2 diabetic individuals for two markers in the 5' and 3' flanking regions of the glucokinase gene [4].
• Polymorphisms at - 174 and in the 3' flanking region of interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene in patients with myasthenia gravis [5].

High impact information on 3' Flanking Region

• We have constructed a "minilocus" that contains the 5' and 3' flanking regions of the human beta-globin locus and the beta-globin gene [6].
• A hybrid Thy-1 gene composed of the human coding region with the 5' and 3' flanking regions of the mouse gene was expressed abnormally in a different part of the kidney (the tubular epithelia), which resulted in a proliferative kidney disorder [7].
• Sequence analysis of alpha 2 and alpha 1 3' flanking regions further reveals that the alpha-globin gene duplication units are exactly bordered by this homologous sequence [8].
• A complementary DNA encoding a DNA-binding protein (human X box binding protein, hXBP-1) whose target is the human DR alpha X box and the 3' flanking region has now been cloned [9].
• We have also detected adenylation on RNA 3' ends originating within the mouse serum albumin (MSA) 3' flanking region RNA [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of 3' Flanking Region

• The entire threonine operon (thrABC) of Escherichia coli K12 was cloned, and the nucleotide sequence of the thrC gene and its 3' flanking region was determined [11].

Biological context of 3' Flanking Region

• Removal of 5' and 3' flanking sequences, accurate excision of the intervening sequence, ligation of the resulting tRNA halves, addition of the 3'-terminal CCA sequence and modification of seven nucleosides were achieved in appropriate wheat germ S23 and S100 extracts [12].
• A stretch of DNA was constructed which carries two transcriptional units: 18 kb of the human retinol binding protein (RBP) gene, driving the expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, linked to 17.5 kb containing the entire A1AT coding sequence with additional 5' and 3' flanking sequences [13].
• To study the expression of the human erythropoietin gene, EPO, 4 kilobases of DNA encompassing the gene with 0.4 kilobase of 5' flanking sequence and 0.7 kilobase of 3' flanking sequence was microinjected into fertilized mouse eggs [14].
• In an earlier paper we identified a tissue-specific enhancer in the 3' flanking region of the chicken adult beta-globin gene [15].
• Point mutation in a 3' flanking sequence of the alpha-1-antitrypsin gene associated with chronic respiratory disease occurs in a regulatory sequence [16].

Anatomical context of 3' Flanking Region

• An enhancer specific to erythroid cells was identified previously in the 3' flanking sequence of the chicken adult beta-globin gene and shown to act on the beta-globin promoter [17].
• We show that a 160-kb fragment spanning 110 kb of the 5' flanking region and 26 kb of the 3' flanking region of the CD34 gene directs expression of the human CD34 gene in the bone marrow of transgenic mice [18].
• In Xenopus laevis oocytes, a human U1 RNA gene with only 231 and 35 nucleotides of the 5' and 3' flanking regions, respectively (Lund, E. and Dahlberg, J. E. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 2013-2021), is able to support accumulation of human U1 RNA [19].
• Genomic sequences located at the 3' flanking region of the human CD2 gene confer high level tissue-specific, position-independent expression of the gene when introduced in the germ line of mice [20].
• Seminal vesicle F gene, encoding an androgen-regulated serine-rich structural protein of the rat copulatory plug, has been sequenced together with 5' and 3' flanking regions [21].

Associations of 3' Flanking Region with chemical compounds

• High-level tuber expression and sucrose inducibility of a potato Sus4 sucrose synthase gene require 5' and 3' flanking sequences and the leader intron [22].
• Three concatenated copies of the 10-bp Inr and its immediate 3' flanking sequence produce full neural specific activity that is down-regulated by GABA in transiently transfected neocortical neurons [23].
• Analysis of 5' and 3' flanking sequences shows that Tn2603 differs from its probable precursor, Tn21, by a precise 1004-base-pair insertion, containing the OXA-1 structural gene, at the target sequence AAAGTT, which is located between the Tn21 streptomycin/spectinomycin (aadA) promoter and its structural gene [24].
• Mutational analysis of the gamma-globin promoter indicates that the distal CCAAT box and 3' flanking sequence (CCAATAGCC) is critical for activation by butyrate, trapoxin, and trichostatin, whereas the proximal element (CCAATAGTC) plays a less important role [25].
• We have extended the transgenic analysis to Hoxa4 identifying mesodermal, neural and retinoid responsive components in the 3' flanking region of that gene, which reflect aspects of endogenous Hoxa4 expression [26].

Gene context of 3' Flanking Region

• Unexpectedly, there is a strong conservation of 5' and 3' flanking regions between Amyrel genes from different species, which is not the case for Amy and which suggests that selection acts on these regions [27].
• The two genes, Gadph-1 and Gapdh-2, are homologous to each other in their coding regions but differ entirely in the 5' and 3' flanking regions [28].
• In the coding region of the Hpr gene, there are no frameshift or nonsense mutations and its exon-intron splicing sites, 5' flanking and 3' flanking sequences do not show any obvious defects [29].
• The nucleotide sequence of the yeast gene TRP5 and its 5' and 3' flanking regions was determined [30].
• These included the entire HLA-G coding region, 1 kb of 3' flanking sequence, and 1.2 or 1.4 kb of 5' flanking sequence, respectively [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of 3' Flanking Region

• The 3' flanking sequence of the gene contains three putative polyadenylation sites but only two sites are probably functional as shown by Northern blot analysis and 3' end sequences of mouse RH II/Gu cDNA in the EST database [32].
• The rats were produced by microinjection of a 13 kbp DNA fragment containing the human apolipoprotein A-I gene plus 10 kbp of its 5' flanking sequence and 1 kbp of its 3' flanking sequence [33].
• In the current study, these atp6 copies were amplified by an inverse PCR technique, and the coding region as well as the 5' and 3' flanking regions were sequenced [34].

References