Disease relevance of Hemicholinium

• Effect of corticosteroids on the phrenic nerve-diaphragm of preparation treated with hemicholinium. A possible model of myasthenia gravis [1].
• Moreover, in cats pretreated with intracerebroventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine and hemicholinium, the emesis induced by intracerebroventricular administration of noradrenaline but not that produced by intragastric injection of copper sulphate, was depressed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)[2]
• Intracranial injection of an acetylcholine-synthesis inhibitor, hemicholinium, prevented the catalepsy that is usually induced by haloperidol [3].

Psychiatry related information on Hemicholinium

• Acetylcholine depletion achieved by the intraventricular injection of hemicholinium 4 h before testing resulted in a profound impairment of position discrimination learning [4].
• Attentional functions of the forebrain cholinergic systems: effects of intraventricular hemicholinium, physostigmine, basal forebrain lesions and intracortical grafts on a multiple-choice serial reaction time task [5].
• Sodium-dependent, hemicholinium-sensitive choline transport was measured in purified synaptosomes prepared from fresh necropsy brain of patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and from control subjects [6].

High impact information on Hemicholinium

• K, or electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve, depletes both the vesicular and extravesicular pools of ACh when hemicholinium no [7].
• Neither physostigmine nor hemicholinium affected the dilator response to TNS, which persisted after administration of guanethidine, phenoxybenzamine, propranolol, reserpine, and chronic sympathectomy [8].
• Stimulation after treatment with 1 mg/dl hemicholinium markedly reduced the MEPP amplitude in the controls, had no further effect on the transmission defect in FIM, and had no consistent effect on vesicle diameter in FIM or controls [9].
• We also found that in control rats, as well as in wild-type (WT) mice, depotentiation of spiny neurons was blocked by either scopolamine or hemicholinium, indicating that reversal of LTP requires activation of muscarinic receptors by endogenous acetylcholine [10].
• Enhanced hemicholinium binding and attenuated dendrite branching in cognitively impaired acetylcholinesterase-transgenic mice [11].

Biological context of Hemicholinium

• To assess the role of choline availability in regulation of ACh synthesis, the structure-activity relationships of several hemicholinium (HC) and quinuclidinyl analogs were evaluated in a dose response manner [12].
• Acetylation of some novel hemicholinium compounds by soluble choline acetyltransferase: structure-activity relationships [13].
• However, those motoneurons that survived following treatment with either magnesium or hemicholinium did not develop normally since they remained susceptible to axotomy-induced cell death for longer than normal [14].
• Regulation of hemicholinium binding sites in isolated nerve terminals [15].

Anatomical context of Hemicholinium

• The effects of prolonged repetitive stimulation in hemicholinium on the frog neuromuscular junction [16].
• We now report that [3H]choline mustard aziridinium ion was transported into purified rat brain synaptosomes by a hemicholinium-sensitive mechanism, but at only a fraction of the rate of uptake of [3H]choline [17].
• The soleus muscle in neonatal rats was treated with either magnesium or hemicholinium, and the number of motoneurons that survived was established 10 weeks later by retrograde labelling [14].
• High affinity choline uptake, blocked by hemicholinium, is present in sensory neurons cultured from E7 dorsal root ganglia [18].
• This treatment increased hemicholinium binding in the prefrontal cortex (200%) and amygdala (284%); however, despite previous reports to the contrary, there were no increases in immunoreactivity for phosphorylated neurofilaments, microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 2, tau or paired helical filament (PHF) tau [19].

Associations of Hemicholinium with other chemical compounds

• The hemicholinium compounds were incubated with [14C] acetylcoenzyme A and any acetylated products were isolated by liquid ion exchange [13].
• Therefore, following intracerebral microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine in rats, the activity of cholinergic neurons was measured by hemicholinium binding in cholinergic terminal fields and perturbations in cytoskeletal proteins were examined in dopaminoceptive neurons using immunocytochemistry [19].
• They produced atropine-sensitive contractions of the terminal ileum, which were potentiated by physostigmine and strongly depressed by hemicholinium [20].
• Nicotine 1.8 X 10(-5)-1.8 X 10(-4) mol/l enhanced the spontaneous 3H-efflux from guinea-pig cortical slices preloaded with 3H-choline and perfused in the presence of hemicholinium (HC-3) [21].
• Microinjection of hemicholinium into a cortical site dorsal to striatum (Experiment 2) was without significant effect upon tacrine-induced tremulous jaw movements [22].

Gene context of Hemicholinium

• The objective of this study was to determine the effect of age and chronic intracerebral administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the activity of the presynaptic cholinergic neuronal markers hemicholinium-sensitive high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the brain of Fisher 344 male rats [23].
• In parallel, the activities of hemicholinium-sensitive high-affinity choline uptake (HACU, in synaptosomes) and of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, in crude homogenates) were determined as markers for the cholinergic ingrowth [24].
• These cells accumulated [3H]choline by a high-affinity, hemicholinium-sensitive transport system, converted [3H]choline to [3H]-acetylcholine [( 3H]ACh), released [3H]ACh in response to depolarization stimuli, and developed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity to levels comparable to those of the intact retina [25].
• These morpholinium inhibitors are compared with conformationally constrained aryl hemicholinium AChE inhibitors [26].
• A pretreatment with hemicholinium also inhibited the spontaneous as well the oxytocin-induced motility of M strips, without affecting those of LU [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Hemicholinium

• Likewise, in vivo measures of the capacity of striatal high-affinity choline transporters to clear increases in extracellular choline concentrations, using choline-sensitive microelectrodes, revealed a 37-41% reduction in hemicholinium-sensitive clearance of exogenous choline in dopamine transporter knockdown mice [28].

References