Disease relevance of Emap

• Screening of a bacteriophage lambda gt11 cDNA expression library with a polyclonal anti-microtubule associated protein (MAP) antiserum resulted in the isolation of two non-cross-hybridizing sets of cDNA clones [1].
• We studied the effect of microtubule-associated tau protein on trafficking of vesicles and organelles in primary cortical neurons, retinal ganglion cells, and neuroblastoma cells [2].
• Previous studies in gerbils have shown that cytoskeletal disruption and a loss of the dendritic microtubule-associated protein, MAP2, may occur after short periods of transient global ischemia. tau, a predominantly axonal microtubule-associated protein, has not been examined following ischemia [3].
• These results are consistent with the suggestion that the specific association between adenovirus and microtubules is mediated by microtubule-associated proteins [4].
• To explore the potential of older animals to initiate regenerative processes after cerebral ischemia, the authors studied the expression of the juvenile-specific cytoskeletal protein, microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 1B, and the adult-specific protein, MAP2, in male Sprague-Dawley rats at 3 months and 20 months of age [5].

Psychiatry related information on Emap

• Formation of the TGN-early endosome network is microtubule dependent and may involve modification of membrane processes affected by microtubule-associated motor activity [6].
• During this process we found that tau, a neuronal microtubule-associated protein that plays a key role in the maintenance of neuronal architecture, and the pathology of which correlates with intellectual decline in Alzheimer's disease, is cleaved [7].
• Changes in mRNA abundance of microtubule-associated proteins in the rat brain following electroconvulsive shock [8].

High impact information on Emap

• MARK, a novel family of protein kinases that phosphorylate microtubule-associated proteins and trigger microtubule disruption [9].
• The most prominent microtubule-associated protein of the neuronal cytoskeleton is MAP2 [10].
• Here, we use in situ hybridization with specific complementary DNA probes to show that messenger RNA for the dendrite-specific microtubule-associated protein MAP2 (refs 3-5) is present in dendrites in the developing brain [11].
• Here, we demonstrate that DISC1 is a component of the microtubule-associated dynein motor complex and is essential for maintaining the complex at the centrosome, hence contributing to normal microtubular dynamics [12].
• Members of the kinesin superfamily of microtubule-associated proteins are involved in a variety of intracellular processes including cell division and organelle transport [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Emap

• Nitrous oxide attenuates the protective effect of isoflurane on microtubule-associated protein2 degradation during forebrain ischemia in the rat [14].

Biological context of Emap

• Inhibition of the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) kinase cascade by the MAP kinase kinase inhibitor PD98059 did not reverse the impaired phosphorylation [15].
• Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 is a fibronectin mRNA-binding protein linked to mRNA translation in lamb vascular smooth muscle cells [16].
• Cytoskeletal architecture and immunocytochemical localization of microtubule-associated proteins in regions of axons associated with rapid axonal transport: the beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile-intoxicated axon as a model system [17].
• Here we demonstrate that the rat microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), a homologue of Apg8p essential for autophagy in yeast, is associated to the autophagosome membranes after processing [18].
• The activity of microtubule-associated PP2A was differentially regulated during the cell cycle [19].

Anatomical context of Emap

• The phosphorylation state of MAP2 determines its interaction with microtubules and actin filaments, suggesting that glutamatergic regulation of MAP2 phosphorylation may transduce neural activity into modifications in dendritic structure [20].
• Other forebrain regions (necortex, striatum, and olfactory bulb) also showed dephosphorylation of MAP2 in response to NMDA [21].
• Previous observations have suggested a causal relationship between NGF-induced chartin microtubule-associated protein phosphorylation and the formation and outgrowth of neurites [22].
• There is, nevertheless, a difference between the cultured cell and brain systems which lies in the nature of their microtubule-associated accessory proteins [23].
• Regulation of a high molecular weight microtubule-associated protein in PC12 cells by nerve growth factor [24].

Associations of Emap with chemical compounds

• Moreover, they indicate that alteration in the properties of a microtubule-associated protein may account for some of the effects of glutamate on postsynaptic neurons [21].
• Activation of NMDA receptors induces rapid dephosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein MAP2 [21].
• In this study, the effects of long- and short-term ethanol exposure on vesicle movements were measured in isolated hepatocytes, and alterations in the function of the microtubule-associated motor enzymes dynamin, kinesin, and dynein, which are believed to support the transport and/or budding of vesicles along microtubules, were tested [25].
• We conclude that FCCP could depolymerise microtubules in vivo through a dual operation: increasing the intracellular pH by the disruption of the mitochondrial H+ gradient and decreasing the stability of microtubules by impairing the binding of microtubule-associated proteins [26].
• Ring formation is not sensitive to taxol, colchicine, or microtubule-associated proteins, but requires Mg(2+) and is inhibited by maytansine [27].

Physical interactions of Emap

• We next purified a 15-kD fibronectin ARE-dependent RNA-binding protein and identified it as microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) [16].
• Monoclonal antibody G10 binds to an epitope on a microtubule-associated protein and specifically labels elongating axons in the developing rat central nervous system [28].

Enzymatic interactions of Emap

• Both cAMP- and calmodulin-dependent kinases are proposed regulators of microtubule function by means of their ability to phosphorylate microtubule-associated protein 2(MAP 2) [29].
• Nerve growth factor and fibroblast growth factor selectively activate a protein kinase that phosphorylates high molecular weight microtubule-associated proteins. Detection, partial purification, and characterization in PC12 cells [30].

Co-localisations of Emap

• The G10 antigen is thermolabile and co-migrates with microtubule-associated protein (MAP)1 from young rat brain on low percentage (5%) polyacrylamide-SDS gels [31].

Regulatory relationships of Emap

• The application of BDNF induced an increase in immunostaining for the microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-2 in non-pyramidal neurons of the stratum oriens [32].
• Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) stimulated the phosphorylation of cytoskeletal 350-kDa and 300-kDa proteins which were immunoprecipitated with antibodies against brain high molecular weight microtubule-associated proteins in quiescent rat 3Y1 cells [33].
• The adult rat olfactory system expresses microtubule-associated proteins found in the developing brain [34].
• We have previously shown that agrin regulates the rates of axonal and dendritic elongation by modulating the expression of microtubule-associated proteins in cultured hippocampal neurons [35].
• Microtubule-associated-protein (MAP) kinase activated by nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor in PC12 cells. Identity with the mitogen-activated MAP kinase of fibroblastic cells [36].

Other interactions of Emap

• Results show that the GR agonist dexamethasone (DEX) targets neurons (microtubule-associated protein 2-positive cells) for death through apoptosis [37].
• These observations indicate that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase1 is associated with microtubules within some specialized compartments of the brain and microtubule-associated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase1 is catalytically active [38].
• Even in the absence of active ERK, MASH1 became down-regulated and microtubule-associated protein 2-positive cells could form [39].
• Neuraxin, a novel putative structural protein of the rat central nervous system that is immunologically related to microtubule-associated protein 5 [40].
• The response of synaptophysin and microtubule-associated protein 1 to restraint stress in rat hippocampus and its modulation by venlafaxine [41].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Emap

• Molecular cloning of the microtubule-associated mechanochemical enzyme dynamin reveals homology with a new family of GTP-binding proteins [42].
• Sequence analysis shows similarity between GABARAP and light chain-3 of microtubule-associated proteins 1A and 1B [43].
• To explore further the identity of the microtubule-associated strands, microtubules purified from brain tissue and containing the high molecular weight microtubule-associated proteins MAP 1 and MAP 2 were examined by quick-freeze, deep-etch electron microscopy [17].
• A fraction containing calmodulin-dependent kinase and MAP 2 was separated from the cAMP-dependent kinase/MAP 2 complex by gel filtration chromatography of microtubule protein in high ionic strength buffer [29].
• Western blot analyses and indirect immunofluorescence studies revealed an increase in the expression of neuron-specific betaIII-tubulin, as well as an increase in expression of the microtubule-associated proteins tau and MAP2 [44].

References