Disease relevance of Thioflavine S

• In Alzheimer patients, this antiserum labelled not only senile plaques and congophilic angiopathy, but also cortical deposits that were neither argyrophilic, congophilic nor thioflavine S-positive and were unrelated to degenerating neurites, tangle-bearing neurons or congophilic angiopathy [1].
• In addition, extracellular heparan sulfate proteoglycan deposits were observed which colocalized with thioflavine S-positive senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome and selected Guam dementia cases [2].
• Alzheimer's disease (AD) visual cortex (area 17) was investigated using stains for plaques and tangles (Bielschowsky, thioflavine S) and gliosis (GFAP immunoperoxidase) [3].
• Since some Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease display Thioflavine-S reactivity, our results may suggest that amyloidogenic properties of NACP/alpha-synuclein may play a crucial role in pathogenesis of disorders with Lewy bodies such as Parkinson's disease [4].
• Subsequently, there was an age-dependent accumulation of tau pathology in astrocytes that was Gallyas and variably thioflavine S positive as observed in many tauopathies [5].

Psychiatry related information on Thioflavine S

• The number of Thioflavine S-positive neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and neuritic plaques (NP) was determined in visual and auditory cortical regions of 8 patients with Alzheimer's disease [6].

High impact information on Thioflavine S

• In these studies, immunofluorescence and avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase methodology were used to determine antibody reaction, and thioflavine S was used to double label amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles [7].
• ApoE immunoreactivity was detected in a subset of Abeta immunoreactive deposits and in virtually all thioflavine-S-fluorescent amyloid deposits [8].
• To accomplish this, acridine orange (AO) histofluorescence was employed, alone or in combination with thioflavine S (TS) staining and immunohistochemistry to identify RNAs in paraffin-embedded tissue sections of hippocampus and entorhinal cortex [9].
• Matching brain sections from 2 demented and 4 nondemented subjects were processed for the demonstration of Abeta immunoreactivity, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzyme activity, and thioflavine S binding [10].
• We found argyrophilic grains, coiled bodies, abundant Alz-50-positive and thioflavine S-negative neurofibrillary tangles, and neuropil threads in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, locus ceruleus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, and inferior olives [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Thioflavine S

• AChE infusion into rat hippocampus determines the appearance of anti-Abeta and thioflavine-S positive plaques, and AChE-Abeta toxicity on hippocampal cultures was blocked by lithium, an activator of the Wnt cascade [12].

Biological context of Thioflavine S

• Cytophotometric quantification of retrograde axonal transport of a fluorescent tracer (primuline) in mouse facial neurons [13].
• The kinetics of the in vitro aggregation was monitored by thioflavine S dye fluorescence and CD measurements [14].

Anatomical context of Thioflavine S

• Although neurons and neurites in the lateral tuberal nucleus of AD specimens were heavily stained by Alz-50, silver and thioflavine-S stains disclosed few neurofibrillary tangles or neurites [15].
• Thioflavine S-positive structures accumulated within neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, and dual labeling and confocal imaging confirmed that these aggregates contained alpha-synuclein [16].
• These inclusions stain for alpha-synuclein and assume a fibrillar structure, as assessed by thioflavine S staining, and therefore resemble Lewy bodies. alpha-Synuclein is thought to be a central component of Lewy bodies [17].
• At 10 months of age, an extensive neuronal loss (>50%) is present in the CA1/2 hippocampal pyramidal cell layer that correlates with strong accumulation of intraneuronal Abeta and thioflavine-S-positive intracellular material but not with extracellular Abeta deposits [18].
• We compared acetylcholinesterase reactivity, neuritic plaques stained with thioflavine S, and cytoarchitectural features in adjacent sections [19].

Associations of Thioflavine S with other chemical compounds

• The arteries that were strongly immunopositive for beta-protein in all layers of the walls were also positive for amyloid fibrils on thioflavine S and Congo red stainings [20].
• By contrast, no amyloid deposits were detected by thioflavine-S staining in LPS or vehicle-treated apoE-deficient APPV717F TG mice [21].
• They are combined with FITC (Propidium Iodide) or TRITC (Fast Blue, True Blue, Diamidino Yellow, Primuline) as immunofluorescence markers [22].
• Thioflavine S (TS), a fluorescent dye that stains capillary endothelium acutely, was injected intraportally or intra-arterially in order to demonstrate patterns of blood flow through normal liver tissue and through tumor [23].
• Thioflavine S-reactive features were not observed in cholesterol-fed rabbits given unaltered distilled drinking water [24].

Gene context of Thioflavine S

• Quantification of thioflavine-S-positive Abeta deposits revealed a marked acceleration of amyloid deposition in LPS-treated APPV717F+/+-apoE+/+ mice compared to nontreated or vehicle-treated APPV717F+/+-apoE+/+ mice (P = 0.005) [21].
• CONCLUSIONS: ApoE was immunocytochemically detected in neuritic plaques that were positive for thioflavine-S [25].
• All of the groups contained mice with Abeta-immunoreactive deposits (56% PDAPP:E4, 20% PDAPP:E3, 75% PDAPP:E-/-), but thioflavine-S-positive Abeta (amyloid) was present only in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in the PDAPP:E4 mice (44%) [26].
• ApoJ was found at the core of these deposits, and co-localized with the amyloid staining agent thioflavine-S [27].
• In addition, CLBs and dystrophic neurites were identified immunohistochemically with antibodies specific for alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin; plaques and tangles were identified by staining with thioflavine S [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Thioflavine S

• The aggregates can be identified by immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, or the histochemical stain thioflavine S [29].
• In this report, we show that the fibrillar aggregation state of A beta, as determined by thioflavin T fluorometry, electron microscopy, and staining with Congo red and thioflavine S, is precisely correlated with the ability of the peptide to induce the formation of activated fragments of the complement proteins C4 and C3 [30].
• Microinjections of the dyes DAPI, true blue, or a mixture of DAPI and primuline were made into the ventral tegmental area and into the midbrain central gray of ovariectomized, adrenalectomized 2-3-month-old female rats; 3 or 4 days later these animals were injected with [3H]estradiol; the brains were then processed for autoradiography [31].
• Glycosphingolipids separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were made visible with primuline reagent, and then bands were marked with a drawing colored pencil [32].
• We therefore investigated capillary perfusion in rat tibialis anterior, which has a predominantly glycolytic cortex and oxidative core, using timed intraarterial injection of the fluorochrome thioflavine S conjugated with serum albumin [33].

References