Disease relevance of spiramycin

• Failure of spiramycin to prevent neurotoxoplasmosis in immunosuppressed patients [1].
• The French programme for the prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis consists of the diagnosis and treatment with spiramycin of acute infections during pregnancy and monthly follow-up of all identified seronegative women [2].
• Acute colitis related to spiramycin [3].
• Streptomyces ambofaciens produces spiramycin, a macrolide antibiotic and expresses an inducible resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B antibiotics (MLS) [4].
• Treatment of intestinal cryptosporidiosis with spiramycin [5].

Psychiatry related information on spiramycin

• Subsequent media and time studies with these strains resulted in a fermentation that produced 1,728 mg of spiramycin per liter [6].

High impact information on spiramycin

• This approach is a valuable tool to characterize the binding site of spiramycin as well as the peptidyl transferase center at the molecular level [7].
• Erythromycin and spiramycin resistance mutations of yeast mitochondria: nature of the rib2 locus in the large ribosomal RNA gene [8].
• Two linked genetic loci, rib 2 and rib 3, of yeast mitochondrial genome are the sites of mutations that confer resistance to erythromycin and/or spiramycin [8].
• Separation and determination of the macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin, spiramycin and oleandomycin) by capillary electrophoresis coupled with fast reductive voltammetric detection [9].
• The post-antibiotic effect of spiramycin is significant and this effect is more prolonged than that of erythromycin against Staphylococcus aureus [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of spiramycin

• We performed a single blind controlled multicenter study in which we compared the efficacy and safety of 100 mg of doxycycline versus those of 1 g (3 x 10(6) IU) of spiramycin given orally twice daily for 14 days in the treatment of culture-positive Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary tract infections [11].
• In vitro evaluation of josamycin, spiramycin, and erythromycin against Rickettsia rickettsii and R. conorii [12].
• In acute disease, systemically administered atovaquone was compared with conventional therapies (pyrimethamine combined with sulfadiazine; clindamycin; and spiramycin) [13].
• Metronidazole and spiramycin in abscesses caused by Bacteroides spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in mice [14].
• OBJECTIVES: As known from other lincosamides and 16-membered macrolides, the antimicrobial agents pirlimycin, spiramycin and tylosin, which are frequently used for the therapy of bovine mastitis, cannot induce the expression of the resistance gene erm(C) [15].

Biological context of spiramycin

• Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of spiramycin and their clinical significance [10].
• The absolute bioavailability of oral spiramycin is generally within the range of 30 to 40% [10].
• The combination of a positive response to the questionnaire and a change in bronchial hyperresponsiveness during the production period appeared to be the best detector of individuals with occupational asthma, as confirmed by inhalation challenge with spiramycin [16].
• The tissue distribution of spiramycin is extensive [10].
• Among the other macrolide antibiotics, josamycin has seldom been involved in causing drug interactions, while midecamycin and the older derivative spiramycin have not so far been incriminated [17].

Anatomical context of spiramycin

• In an attempt to gain information about the peptidyl transferase center at the peptide level we cross-linked the spiramycin derivative dihydrospiramycin to its functional binding site in the 70 S ribosome of Escherichia coli [7].
• The intracellular penetration of spiramycin is also rapid and extensive, with the concentrations in alveolar macrophages 10 to 20 times greater than simultaneous serum concentrations [10].
• Of significance to clinicians may be the finding that spiramycin is highly concentrated in the respiratory tract and other tissues and macrophages [10].
• In three fetuses, concentrations in serum and tissue were measured following intravenous administration of 50 mg of spiramycin twice daily to the mother for at least 7 days [18].
• The concentration of spiramycin in amniotic fluid was about five times higher than the concentration in fetal serum [18].

Associations of spiramycin with other chemical compounds

• Dexamethasone-immunosuppressed rats infected with Cryptosporidium parvum were used to assess the macrolides azithromycin and spiramycin for anticryptosporidial activity [19].
• Inhalation challenge with spiramycin was performed in 12 of the 14 individuals who had a history of occupational asthma, a provocative concentration of methacholine (PC20) of 16 mg/ml or less, or a PC20 that fell by 2.5 fold or more during the production period (or a combination of these) [16].
• Erythromycin, carbomycin, and spiramycin inhibit protein synthesis by stimulating the dissociation of peptidyl-tRNA from ribosomes [20].
• The antimicrobial synergy in vitro and in vivo between metronidazole and spiramycin may have clinical implications that deserve to be further investigated [14].
• Molecular analysis of constitutively expressed erm(C) genes selected in vitro in the presence of the non-inducers pirlimycin, spiramycin and tylosin [15].

Gene context of spiramycin

• In vitro effects of spiramycin and dirithromycin on IL1 beta production by human LPS-stimulated mononuclear cells [21].
• We tested insertion and excision by inserting a cassette into orf3, the third gene of an operon involved in spiramycin biosynthesis [22].
• Azithromycin, dirithromycin, rikamycin and spiramycin (group 3) do not inactivate CYP3A4 and do not engender these adverse effects [23].
• A 32-kilobase DNA segment which included the srmB spiramycin resistance gene and DNA which complemented the defect in strain PM73 were mutagenized in vivo with Tn10 carrying the gene for Nmr (which is expressed in Streptomyces spp.) or in vitro by insertional mutagenesis with a drug resistance gene (Nmr) cassette [24].
• Of the 110 strains studied, 108 were cross-resistant to erythromycin, spiramycin and clindamycin, including 105 strains containing ermB-related genes and three strains that contained a combination of ermB- and mefE-related genes [25].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of spiramycin

• Cryptosporidiosis after marrow transplantation: person-to-person transmission and treatment with spiramycin [26].
• Spiramycin concentrations were measured by bioassay and high-performance liquid chromatography [18].
• Analysis of spiramycin by capillary electrophoresis [27].
• Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for bioactive spiramycin as measured by the bioassay [18].
• Spiramycin was assayed by HPLC, and by a microbiological assay [28].

References