Disease relevance of Cryptosporidiosis

• We retrospectively studied the relations among the clinical presentation, CD4 count, and survival in a group of 82 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in whom cryptosporidiosis developed during the outbreak [1].
• We found that genetic determinants of MBL deficiency appear to predispose to cryptosporidiosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and went on to study interactions of MBL and complement on Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites [2].
• We compared the epidemiologic characteristics of cyclosporiasis and cryptosporidiosis in data from a cohort study of diarrhea in a periurban community near Lima, Peru. Children had an average of 0.20 episodes of cyclosporiasis/year and 0.22 episodes of cryptosporidiosis/year of follow-up [3].
• Shortened survival was associated with low CD4 lymphocyte count (P<.0001), no ART (P<.0001), and cryptosporidiosis (P=.004) but not with microsporidiosis (P=.48) [4].
• These data suggest that sinefungin could be considered as a candidate molecule in the treatment of human cryptosporidiosis, considered to be the most significant enteric opportunistic infection in AIDS [5].

High impact information on Cryptosporidiosis

• MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of clinical cryptosporidiosis during treatment with clarithromycin, rifabutin, and azithromycin [6].
• METHODS: In vitro models of biliary cryptosporidiosis using a human biliary epithelial cell line were used to assay the role of c-Src signaling pathway in C. parvum invasion [7].
• Effect of nitazoxanide on morbidity and mortality in Zambian children with cryptosporidiosis: a randomised controlled trial [8].
• CONCLUSIONS: The increased risk of cryptosporidiosis in MBL deficiency appears to include patients with AIDS [2].
• Glutamine stimulates prostaglandin-sensitive Na(+)-H+ exchange in experimental porcine cryptosporidiosis [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Cryptosporidiosis

• CONCLUSIONS: Clarithromycin and rifabutin were highly protective against development of cryptosporidiosis in immune-suppressed HIV-infected persons in this analysis; further study is warranted [6].
• BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recent studies of piglet cryptosporidiosis showed an injury-induced impairment of sodium-glucose cotransport and a prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of neutral NaCl absorption [9].
• We describe a patient with severe secretory diarrhea and malabsorption who had clinical, microbiologic, and histologic resolution of cryptosporidiosis after therapy with zidovudine [10].
• Treatment of intestinal cryptosporidiosis with zidovudine and SMS 201-995, a somatostatin analog [11].
• Treatment of intestinal cryptosporidiosis with spiramycin [12].

Biological context of Cryptosporidiosis

• These findings suggest that azithromycin is a potentially useful anticryptosporidial agent and that long-term continuous administration may be necessary to treat cryptosporidiosis in the immunocompromised host [13].
• Although paromomycin is not registered for use in birds, in combination with sanitary procedures and disinfection, it may help in the control of cryptosporidiosis in some bird facilities [14].
• CONCLUSION: Epithelial apoptosis mediated by granzyme B+ cytotoxic host T cells might play a major role in the development of colonic lesions in AIDS related cryptosporidiosis [15].
• Cryptosporidium species and genotypes involved in the infantile cryptosporidiosis were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism [16].
• Because a recombinant p23 had been shown to protect calves from cryptosporidiosis when administered as a vaccine antigen to late gestation cattle, this study was undertaken to determine if the same vaccine antigen could induce a Type-1-like, in vitro response by T cells from calves that had recovered from C. parvum infection [17].

Anatomical context of Cryptosporidiosis

• Efficacy of nitazoxanide and paromomycin in biliary tract cryptosporidiosis in an immunosuppressed gerbil model [18].
• In all, 8 of 21 (38%) halofuginone-treated snakes stopped shedding C. serpentis oocysts; examination of gastric tissue of 6 of these 8 animals revealed cryptosporidiosis in 2 snakes [19].
• The results suggest that a temporal association exists between the expression of IL-10 by ileal IELs and the expression of C. parvum antigens in infected calf epithelium prior to development of cryptosporidiosis [20].
• CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: After experimental inoculation in cats, T. foetus organisms colonize the ileum, cecum, and colon, reside in close contact with the epithelium, and are associated with transient diarrhea that is exacerbated by coexisting cryptosporidiosis but not treatment with prednisolone [21].
• Altered T-helper types 1 and 2 cytokine production as a consequence of immunodysfunction permitted the development of persistent cryptosporidiosis while mice with intact immune system were refractory to infection with C. parvum [22].

Gene context of Cryptosporidiosis

• Thus C. parvum DHFR may be intrinsically resistant ti inhibition by some antifolate DHFR inhibitors which may explain why cryptosporidiosis is refractory to treatment with the clinically common antibacterial and antiprotozoal antifolates [23].
• Interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and lactoferrin in immunocompetent hosts with experimental and Brazilian children with acquired cryptosporidiosis [24].
• These data suggest that IL-15 is involved in IFN-gamma independent mechanisms of control of human cryptosporidiosis, perhaps via activation of the innate immune response [25].
• Cytokine expression did not correlate with enteric symptoms, suggesting that TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta are not key mediators of diarrhea in human cryptosporidiosis [26].
• Supernatants of CCE-stimulated PBMCs contained interleukin 10 but not interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), while PBMCs from a control (a 2-year-old immunocompetent infant who had recovered from cryptosporidiosis) showed a strong response to IFN-gamma when stimulated with CCE [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Cryptosporidiosis

• These findings indicate that CSL has a functional role in sporozoite infectivity and is a candidate molecular target for passive or active immunization against cryptosporidiosis [28].
• Maduramicin was also evaluated in a relapsing model of cryptosporidiosis in which the infection was observed to recur after treatments were discontinued [29].
• Prospective clinical trials of paromomycin for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS are warranted [30].
• We report two cases of cryptosporidiosis which were unusual because (i) extracellular invasive forms of the parasite were found in the bronchoalveolar lavage and (ii) the outcome was favorable in one patient after treatment with azithromycin [31].
• Isolates from 25 (13 sporadic and 12 outbreak) cryptosporidiosis cases, 24 of which were from British Columbia, Canada, were characterized using nested polymerase chain reaction amplification of the polymorphic internal transcribed spacer 1 locus [32].

References