Disease relevance of choline phosphate

• Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses specific for the phosphorylcholine (PC) hapten were induced in BALB/c mice by immunization with syngeneic peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) coupled with diazotized phenyl-phosphoryl-choline [1].
• During atherogenesis, LDL is oxidized, generating various oxidation-specific neoepitopes, such as malondialdehyde-modified (MDA-modified) LDL (MDA-LDL) or the phosphorylcholine (PC) headgroup of oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) [2].
• Mice were immunized either with PC coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin or with a Streptococcus pneumoniae strain R36a vaccine [3].
• This prompted the hypothesis that PC is an important oral antigen associated with organisms in the periodontal flora and that anti-PC antibody is elevated as a consequence of periodontal disease [4].
• The data show that many commonly occurring bacterial species found in dental plaque contain PC antigen and that immunization with plaque-derived PC antigens as a consequence of inflammation and periodontal attachment loss may influence systemic anti-PC antibody concentrations [4].

Psychiatry related information on choline phosphate

• Specific tolerance to phosphorylcholine (PC) can be induced in BALB/c mice by neonatal injection with either pneumococcal C-polysaccharide (PnC) or anti-TEPC 15 idiotype (T15Id) antibody specific for the major idiotype (Id) of anti-PC antibody [5].

High impact information on choline phosphate

• We explored the relationship between GC formation and the onset of hypermutation in response to the hapten phosphorylcholine (PC) coupled to antigenic proteins in mice bearing different frequencies of CD4+ T cells [6].
• PC-reactive B cells proliferate in histologically typical GC for considerable periods with no or little somatic hypermutation; the signals for GC formation are independent of those for the activation of hypermutation [6].
• The results of these studies indicate that, as in mature primary B cell pools of BALB/c mice, the majority of PC-responsive sIg- bone marrow cells are of the T15 clonotype [7].
• We have investigated in vitro the induction of antibody responses to phosphorylcholine (PC) by cloned T helper (Th) cell lines [8].
• A/He mice actively producing complementary or anti-idiotypic antibody directed against a combining site structure for phosphorylcholine (PC) have profound and long-lasting suppression of their response to PC [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of choline phosphate

• We report the novel presence of oxidized phosphatidylcholine [1-palmitoyl-2-(5'-oxo)valeryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (POVPC)], a lipid associated with inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and lung disease, in the brain of MS patients [10].
• Two indicator red blood cells were compared: RBC coupled with the hapten, PC-RBC, and cells coupled with PC-bearing polysaccharide from the pneumococcus, PnC-RBC [11].
• METHODS: Thirty patients (age 55 +/- 10, 27 men) with significant proximal left anterior descending coronary artery stenoses were randomized to elective implantation of PC-coated, versus heparin-coated, versus uncoated stents [12].
• The eCRP showed an agglutinating activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae in the presence of Ca2+, and the activity was inhibited by 1 mM EDTA or 1 mM phosphorylcholine (PC) [13].

Biological context of choline phosphate

• The maturation of the antibody response to phosphorylcholine (PC) in neonatal BALB/c mice was studied [14].
• Amino acid sequences of PC-binding CBA and PL HP showed marked changes in the D region from the T15 type, and this may account for the C3-16 Id- character of Igh-Cj strains [15].
• An allotype linked gene that is associated with a negative or very low anti-phosphorylcholine response (PC) phenotype in wild mice (CNV) [16].
• Analysis by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry revealed that the bioactive phospholipids, compared with unoxidized PAPC, were less susceptible to hydrolysis by human recombinant group II sPLA2 [17].
• Taken together, modification of the lysozyme molecule with PC conjugation may facilitate further antigen processing of HEL to generate an optimal epitope for the nonresponder mice [18].

Anatomical context of choline phosphate

• Studies were conducted to address the possibility that anti-Id treatment induced suppressor T lymphocytes capable of specifically inhibiting the activity of PC-specific T cells participating in DTH responses [1].
• Furthermore, bone marrow populations that are positive for PC-responsive precursor cells often display multiple copies of such precursor cells that are exclusively either T15+ or T15-. This finding indicates that clonal expansion of cells within the B cell lineage apparently occurs before immunoglobulin receptor acquisition [7].
• These experiments compared the ability of helper T cells from either (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 male (T15-) or F1 female (T15+) mice to help F1 female B cells respond to PC and to influence the level of T15 expression [19].
• Cells that had been preincubated with anti-T15 idiotype (anti-T15id) antibodies and a PC-containing antigen, R36a for 3 d, were capable of specifically suppressing the anti-PC response of fresh normal spleen cells, indicating that idiotype-specific suppressor cells were generated during the culture period [20].
• Moreover, PC-immune lymph node cells could passively transfer PC-specific DTH responses to naive BALB/c mice and it was possible to demonstrate that the cells responsible for such passively transferred responses were T lymphocytes [1].

Associations of choline phosphate with other chemical compounds

• In addition, POVPC strongly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-mediated induction of neutrophil binding and expression of E-selectin protein and mRNA [21].
• With heat treatment, PC/GPC: Ala and Glu: Ser ratios decreased, whereas lactate: Ala and Val: Leu/Ile ratios increased three-fold and one-third, respectively [22].
• EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: BALB/c female mice that had been made proteinuric by adriamycin or bovine serum albumin (BSA) were injected with TEPC-15 hybridoma-derived IgA anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) and individual specific antigens [23].
• Although > 90% of B cells from M167 (mu, kappa) immunoglobulin transgenic (Tg) mice express surface immunoglobulin that binds phosphorylcholine (PC), we found that these mice are unresponsive to immunization with pneumococcal cell wall polysaccharide (PnC), a type II thymus-independent antigen that contains PC [24].
• Ovariectomy abrogated the effect of propanil on the PC-specific ASC response [25].

Gene context of choline phosphate

• In contrast, PGPC induced both monocyte and neutrophil binding and expression of E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 [21].
• Treatment of endothelial cells with POVPC increased monocyte binding by inducing the surface expression of the connecting segment 1 domain of fibronectin; no increase in neutrophil binding was observed [21].
• Oxidized PAPC also inhibits the 2'-deoxyribo(cytidine-phosphate-guanosine) (CpG) DNA-induced TNF-alpha response in cultured macrophages and intact mice [26].
• To elucidate the mechanisms of action, we show that oxidized PAPC, but not nonoxidized PAPC, inhibits the LPS- and CpG-induced activation of p38 MAPK and the NF-kappaB cascade [26].
• The data indicate that CNF, unlike IL-1, IL-2, and WEHI-3 culture supernatant, results in an earlier appearance of PC-responsive B cells [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of choline phosphate

• Mice immunized at least three times with T15 in adjuvants had markedly suppressed responses to subsequent immunization with PC; similarly, mice preimmunized multiple times with PC had suppressed responses to immunizations with T15 [28].
• In contrast, mice immunized with T15 in the interval between "primary" and "secondary" immunizations with PC had undiminished PFC responses to both antigens but significantly decreased antibody titers to PC [28].
• The mice apparently have decreased numbers of PC-responsive cells, since cells from such mice are unresponsive both in vitro and in adoptive transfer [29].
• Zotarolimus applied to PC-coated stents reduces neointima in the swine coronary model after 28 days [30].
• Specificity of ELISA was improved by restricting reaction to the host's IgG4 antibody subclass, and/or by removing PC determinants from crude antigens [31].

References