Disease relevance of ETFA

• In body cavity B cell lymphoma by dual staining, HHV-8 was present in malignant tumor cells (EMA immunostained positive) and not in reactive lymphocytes [1].
• GA1 and GA2 were active not only in HeLa cells but also in other types of human cells, such as neuroblastoma cells [2].
• EMA/CO for high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumors: results from a cohort of 272 patients [3].
• Two women developed acute myeloid leukemia, two cervical malignancy, and one gastric adenocarcinoma after EMA/CO [3].
• More than half (56%) of the women who had fertility-conserving surgery and who have been in remission at least 2 years have become pregnant since the completion of EMA/CO, with 112 live births, including three infants with congenital abnormalities [3].

Psychiatry related information on ETFA

• The scales showed the highest correlations for the probable Alzheimer's disease patient group (62) (Global Assessment of Dementia; GAD vs. ADL: r = 0.91; Extended Mini-Mental Assessment; EMA vs. GAD: r = 0.91; ADL vs. EMA: r = 0.86) [4].

High impact information on ETFA

• Using [35S]methionine labeling, we also studied the biosynthesis in cultured normal human fibroblasts. p alpha-ETF was detected when the cells were labeled in the presence of dinitrophenol or rhodamine 6G [5].
• Among six glutaric aciduria type II (GAII) and two ethylmalonic-adipic aciduria cell lines, defective p alpha-ETF synthesis was observed in three GAII cell lines, and beta-ETF synthesis was normal [5].
• We tried to establish whether the small intestine of CD patients is the site of EMA production and whether gliadin challenge could induce their release [6].
• GA1 and GA2 showed strong enhancer activity both in a stable transformation assay and in a transient expression assay [2].
• The HeLa genome contains multiple copies of GA1, while GA2 exists once in the genome [2].

Chemical compound and disease context of ETFA

• PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of etoposide, methotrexate, and dactinomycin alternating with cyclophosphamide and vincristine (EMA/CO) chemotherapy in women with high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumors (GTT) and to document the middle- and long-term toxicity of the regimen [3].
• Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to increase efficacy of intensive sequential chemotherapy with etoposide, mitoxantrone and cytarabine (EMA) in previously treated acute myeloid leukemia: a multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trial (EMA91 Trial) [7].
• OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of etoposide, methotrexate, and actinomycin D (EMA) as primary and secondary therapy for gestational trophoblastic tumor (GTT) [8].
• OBJECTIVE--To assess the efficacy, toxicity and survival in patients with high risk GTT treated with the EMA/CO regimen (etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, vincristine/oncovine) [9].
• A dose-escalation study was realized in order to assess the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) of high-dose mitoxantrone in a single injection combined with cytarabine and etoposide (EMA regimen) in refractory or relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) [10].

Biological context of ETFA

• The identity of the cDNA clones was further confirmed by matching the amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNAs to amino acid sequences determined from seven tryptic peptides prepared from purified rat alpha-subunit of electron transfer flavoprotein (alpha-ETF) [11].
• We used cDNA probes for the Etfdh, Etfb, and Etfa genes to determine localization of these mouse genes to chromosomes 3, 7, and 13 [12].
• Forty-seven (17%) developed drug resistance to EMA/CO, of whom 33 (70%) were salvaged by further cisplatin-based chemotherapy and surgery [3].
• This chimeric activator protein, like the mouse protein, is also able to stimulate the hydrolysis of GA2 by HexB [13].
• In most cells, glycosylation of LacCer, GM3, and GD3 to form higher order species (GA2, GM2, GD2, GM1, GD1b) is displaced toward the most distal aspects of the Golgi and the trans-Golgi network, where the involved transferases (GalNAcT and GalT2) form physical and functional associations [14].

Anatomical context of ETFA

• In our previous study of eight glutaric acidemia type II (GAII) fibroblast lines by using [35S]methionine labeling and immunoprecipitation, three of them had a defect in the synthesis of the alpha-subunit of electron transfer flavoprotein (alpha-ETF) (Ikeda et al. 1986) [15].
• It was not detected either in two other alpha-ETF-deficient GAII or in seven control cell lines [15].
• Tumor cell colonies were characterized morphologically by Pappenheim stain and immunologically for surface antigens by peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunostaining utilizing monoclonal antibodies (carcinoembryonic antigen 26/3/13 and 26/5/1, EMA, HEA125, Sam 2 and Sam 10) which detected epithelial cell antigens [16].
• Postinduction therapy included a second course of EMA in 27 patients, maintenance in 10, autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in 12, and allogeneic BMT in 13 [17].
• A panel of eight antibodies (Cam 5.2, B72.3, CEA, EMA, MCA, Lewis X, ER, and PR) demonstrate that the squamous, transition zone, duct, acinar, and myoepithelial cells or Bartholin's gland are antigenically distinct, and are similar to those reported in analogous areas of the uterine cervix [18].

Associations of ETFA with chemical compounds

• If serum hCG was < or = 100 IU/L, patients received dactinomycin; if hCG was greater than 100 IU/L, patients received EMA/CO [19].
• PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report the results of the regimen of mitoxantrone on days 1 to 3, etoposide on days 8 to 10, and cytarabine on days 1 to 3 and 8 to 10 (EMA) in 133 patients, with a median follow-up of 40 months [17].
• These results provide clear evidence on the existence of an alternative pathway for GM2 catabolism in mice by converting GM2 to GA2 and subsequently to lactosylceramide [20].
• EMA positivity was associated with an 8% reduction in mean serum cholesterol (0.5 mmol/l; p<0.01) and reductions in mean haemoglobin (0.3 g/dl; p<0.01), total protein (1.0 g/l; p<0.05), and corrected serum calcium (0.02 mmol/l; p<0.05) [21].
• The EMA86 study showed efficacy of intensive sequential chemotherapy with mitoxantrone, 12 mg/m2 day on days 1-3, etoposide, 200 mg/m2/day as a continuous infusion on days 8-10 and cytarabine (araC), 500 mg/m2/day as continuous infusion on days 1-3 and 8-10 (EMA regimen) in previously treated patients with AML [7].

Other interactions of ETFA

• ETF is a mitochondrial matrix protein consisting of alpha- (30kDa) and beta- (28kDa) subunits encoded by the ETFA and ETFB genes, respectively [22].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of ETFA

• Sequencing of YH1313 p alpha-ETF cDNA via PCR identified a transversion of T-470 to G [15].
• In the present study, the northern blot analysis revealed that all three mutant cell lines contained p alpha-ETF mRNA and that their size and amount were comparable to normal [15].
• EMA and AGA were detected in the supernatants of these organ culture biopsy samples by ELISA and immunofluorescence technique, respectively [6].
• Seroprevalence of undetected coeliac disease was based on EMA positivity [21].
• All ducts were discernible via light microscopy and in 49 cases were highlighted with DPAS stain and/or CEA/EMA immunocytochemistry [23].

References