Disease relevance of SPATA19

• Whirlpool baths and spas are commonly contaminated with Pseudomonas and have in the past been associated with rash illness and folliculitis [1].
• Several health spas were closed temporarily because of possible nonvenereal spread of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in spa water at these facilities [2].
• This outbreak is thought to be the first of a Pontiac fever-like illness ascribed to L micdadei and the first large-scale outbreak of its kind to have occurred outside North America. Whirlpool spas can be a major reservoir of legionella organisms; they must therefore be properly maintained and operated to prevent outbreaks of infection [3].
• Exposure to whirlpool spas was strongly associated with disease (odds ratio 16.2, 95% Cl 2.8-351:7); risk of acquiring Legionnaires' disease increased by 64% (95% Cl 12-140) for every hour spent in the spa water [4].
• BACKGROUND: The rapidly increasing number of spas, hot tubs, and saunas intensifies the potentials for deaths from hyperthermia and drowning [5].

Psychiatry related information on SPATA19

• Social physique anxiety, determined by the SPAS scale, and preoccupation with weight, measured by the Eating Disorder Inventory were observed in all pubertal groups but were more evident in the early and post-pubescent groups [6].
• One hundred and sixty female undergraduates completed questionnaires measuring body mass index (BMI), social physique anxiety (SPAS), anorexic symptoms (EAT), bulimic symptoms (BULIT-R), depression (CES-D), self-esteem (SES) and obligatory exercise (OEQ) [7].

High impact information on SPATA19

• We collected water specimens from two health spas and studied them for (1) the presence of HSV; (2) bromine (Br2), chlorine (Cl2), and pH levels; and (3) the ability of HSV to survive in water [2].
• This study illustrates that whirlpool spas may be an important health hazard if disinfection fails [8].
• One of three genotypes found in both whirlpool spas was identical to the isolates from 28 of 29 culture-positive patients [8].
• L. micdadei was isolated from the swimming pool filter and water from the spa after heat enrichment but not from pools and spas at nearby hotels [9].
• Recently, a hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)-like granulomatous lung disease, with non-tuberculous mycobacteria from exposure to hot water aerosols from hot tubs/spas, showers, and indoor swimming pools, has been described in immunocompetent individuals (also called "hot tub lung") [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of SPATA19

• In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 420 children aged 6-59 months with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were assigned SP alone (25 mg/kg sulfadoxine, 1.25 mg/kg pyrimethamine) or combined with artesunate (AS; 4 mg/kg/d) for either 1 d (SPAS1) or 3 d (SPAS3) [11].

Biological context of SPATA19

• This outbreak stresses the need for increased surveillance of infections in people attending hot spring spas [12].
• The results indicate that a fairly large number of spas have radon levels in water that are moderately high and they are used for the treatment of diseases without radiation protection measures for patients or staff at the spas [13].
• Dermatology at the Dead Sea spas [14].
• Immunologic aspects: immunology of mineral water spas [15].
• Free radicals and subsequent lipid peroxidation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several degenerative and chronic diseases which are also treated frequently in spas [16].

Anatomical context of SPATA19

• From spas to monoclonal antibodies for the manipulation of the immune system, we have come a long way in just one hundred years [17].

Associations of SPATA19 with chemical compounds

• Study of lithium absorption by users of spas treated with lithium ion [18].
• The thermal treatments were carried out in 98 Italian spas with sulphurous water, sodium chloride-bromide-iodide water, sulphate water, and bicarbonate water [19].
• The (222)Rn concentrations measured in the present study show lower values in comparison to those reported for thermal spas in other countries [20].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of SPATA19

• A historical cohort study was conducted in Misasa town, Tottori prefecture, Japan, where radon spas have been operating for a long time [21].
• The scheme provides full coverage for all medically necessary services, including ambulatory and inpatient care, prescription drugs, dental care, medical appliances and even prolonged rehabilitation in the so called Kurorten (localities with health spas) [22].
• Many natural bathing spas have high levels of sulphur; such balneology has been advocated by medical and cosmetic dermatologists as an effective treatment for cutaneous disorders for more than 500 years [23].
• Diverse environmental reservoirs have been identified, including cooling systems, potable or domestic water systems, respiratory therapy devices, industrial coolants, and whirlpool spas [24].
• BACKGROUND: The unique, black, hypersaline mud mined from the Dead Sea shores is extensively used in mud packs, masks, and topical body and facial treatments in spas surrounding the lake, and in cosmetic preparations marketed worldwide, but little is known about its antimicrobiological properties [25].

References