Disease relevance of chlorine

• A statistically significant positive association was found between exposure of the mother to ClO2-treated water during pregnancy and prematurity of the newborn as assessed by the attending physician and by a greater weight loss after birth [1].
• A decrease in genotoxicity, corresponding to the decrease in Cl2, was observed in the Ames Salmonella assays of the softwood bleaching plant effluents [2].
• Workers with only ClO2/SO2 peak exposures had elevated HRs for attacks of wheeze (HR, 7.5; 95% CI, 1.9 to 29.3) and chronic bronchitis (HR, 22.9; 95% CI, 4.5 to 118.2) but not for asthma [3].
• CONCLUSIONS: Chlorine dioxide inactivated HIV-1 in vitro [4].
• The electrochemical inactivation of E. coli without chlorine production was demonstrated to occur in two distinct stages [5].

High impact information on chlorine

• The alkyl and aryl groups at C5 of 1,2,4-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-imidazole 1 increased the transactivation, while chlorine atoms on the phenyl rings diminished this effect [6].
• These results suggest that oxidation by HOCl may be the final step in VCR degradation catalyzed by MPO through its action on intracellular H2O2 and Cl [7].
• Female SENCAR mice were treated with aqueous solutions of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and monochloramine (NH2Cl) by whole body exposure (except head) for a 10-min period for 4 days in the first experiment and for 1 day (except NH2Cl) in the second experiment [8].
• The primary products resulting from ClO2 disinfection of waters are chlorites (ClO2-) and chlorates (ClO3-) [9].
• The resistance of oocysts to the concentrations of chlorine and monochloramine used to disinfect potable water increases the risk of waterborne transmission via drinking water [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of chlorine

• Preliminary experiments with chlorine treatments indicated that spraying with a 200, 600, or 1,000 mg/liter hypochlorite solution reduced populations of both pathogens by 2.1 to 2.6 and 1.5 to 2.1 log CFU for Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7, respectively [11].
• A large increase in sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl), and a decrease in potassium (K) was typical of myotubular myopathy, while a moderate increase in Na and Cl was found in central core disease and nemaline myopathy [12].
• Acute and chronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and chlorite (ClO2-) to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [13].

Biological context of chlorine

• Chemical treatment of drinking water by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a likely alternative mode of disinfection [1].
• Significant cytogenetic damage (i.e. MN induction) was detected in fish populations exposed to both NaClO and ClO2 with humic acids [14].
• From regression models controlling for potential confounders, declines in both the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (-24 mL x yr(-1)) and the forced vital capacity (FVC) (-19 mL x yr(-1)) were associated with ClO2/SO2 gassings [15].
• Serum protein and globulin were affected due to chlorine exposure at different acclimation temperatures [16].
• The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as a primary disinfectant and pre-oxidant in drinking water treatment is being explored as an alternative to chlorine for reducing disinfection by-product formation and to assure compliance with United States Environmental Protection Agency's Stage 1 Disinfection/ Disinfection By-Products Rule [17].

Anatomical context of chlorine

• Haematological parameters such as haemoglobin, erythrocyte and leucocyte counts appeared depressed in chlorine treated groups as compared to their respective temperature control groups [16].
• Combining the water and ion distributions, our data indicate the major monovalent ions Na, K and Cl to be in equilibrium between the stratum corneum and the dermis if the assumption is that all monovalent ions are in solution and that all the water of the tissue is available as solvent for the ions [18].
• The increased Cl and Na concentrations may be an indication of a decreased activity of the ATPase-dependent Na/K-pump in the sarcolemma and/or of an increased sarcolemmal permeability for Na and Cl [19].
• The role of gammadelta T cells in airway epithelial injury and bronchial responsiveness after chlorine gas exposure in mice [20].
• The concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K) and chlorine (Cl) in blood plasma and erythrocytes of female factory workers were monitored as quantitative parameters [21].

Associations of chlorine with other chemical compounds

• Two common by-products of the ClO2 disinfection of surface water are chlorate and chlorite [1].
• Effect of ammonia nitrogen and dissolved organic matter fractions on the genotoxicity of wastewater effluent during chlorine disinfection [22].
• A new chlorine-containing guaianolide, chloroscoparin, was isolated from the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of CENTAUREA SCOPARIA Sieb. together with three known chlorine-containing guaianolides [23].
• Overall, this study suggests that the electrochemical disinfection could be successfully performed even without producing chlorine, recommending the potential application for disinfecting water that does not allow including any chloride ions (such as the production of ultra-pure sterilized water for semiconductor washing) [5].
• Quantitative structure-property relationship/quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSPR/QSAR) models were developed for rate constants (k) of alkylnaphthalene reactions with chlorine (Cl), hydroxyl (()OH) and nitrate (NO(3)) radicals using partial least squares (PLS) regression [24].

Gene context of chlorine

• Multicomponent spectroscopic investigations of salivary antioxidant consumption by an oral rinse preparation containing the stable free radical species chlorine dioxide (ClO2.) [25].
• RESULTS: Based on proportional hazards regression (controlling for gender, age, cigarette smoking, atopy, and peak irritant exposures that occurred before follow-up), workers who reported both ozone and ClO2/SO2 peak exposures had elevated hazard ratios (HRs) for all three outcomes [3].
• METHODS: We exposed 22 subjects--8 with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR), 6 with perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR), and 8 normals--to chlorine (Cl2) gas (1.0 ppm x 15 min.) by nasal CPAP mask [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of chlorine

• After treatment with diluted chlorine bleach, the covalently bound ACHT moieties were transformed into chloromelamines [27].
• Participants performed spirometry and answered questions regarding ozone, chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and sulphur dioxide (SO2) gassings [15].
• A decrease in NBT activity was recorded in chlorine treated groups as compared to their respective temperature control groups [16].
• Persistent sub-lethal chlorine exposure augments temperature induced immunosuppression in Cyprinus carpio advanced fingerlings [16].
• Recent epidemiological studies have reported associations between the consumption of chlorinated drinking water and various types of human cancer; in addition, exposure to chlorine (Cl-) in drinking water has been reported to suppress certain immune functions in laboratory animals [28].

References