Disease relevance of Chronic Disease

• Interferon gamma regulates acute and latent murine cytomegalovirus infection and chronic disease of the great vessels [1].
• The existence of a link between the size of the glutamine pool in muscle and the rate of muscle protein synthesis raises possibilities for therapeutic interventions to limit protein loss in injury, sepsis, and chronic disease [2].
• BACKGROUND & AIMS: Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a putative mediator of fibrosis in several chronic diseases [3].
• Role of HFE in iron metabolism, hereditary haemochromatosis, anaemia of chronic disease, and secondary iron overload [4].
• Depressive symptom scores correlated significantly and inversely with plasma cholesterol concentrations, even after adjustment for age, health status, number of chronic illnesses, number of medications, and exercise, as well as measured weight loss and change in plasma cholesterol in the previous 13 years [5].

Psychiatry related information on Chronic Disease

• OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the psychological adjustment of young adults with IDDM in comparison with similarly aged individuals without chronic illness [6].
• A cohort of 24,460 women, aged 20-49 years, attended a Norwegian health screening twice during 1974-1981; they answered questions about diet, physical activity and chronic diseases, and their height, weight, blood pressure and non-fasting serum glucose were measured [7].
• Furthermore, the use of testosterone to treat metabolic syndrome may also lead to the prevention of urological complications commonly associated with these chronic disease states, such as neurogenic bladder and erectile dysfunction [8].
• CONCLUSIONS: Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy have a higher incidence of affective and personality disorders, often in comorbidity, than patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and diabetic patients suggesting that these psychiatric disorders are not an adjustment reaction to a chronic disease but rather reflect a limbic dysfunction [9].
• The findings support a multidimensional structure for self-efficacy consistent with the multiple types of behavior required for the management of a chronic illness such as CF [10].

High impact information on Chronic Disease

• Methotrexate for chronic diseases in adults [11].
• We studied 279 patients who were receiving daily therapy with 5 to 30 mg of prednisone or its equivalent to treat various chronic diseases, principally collagen vascular disorders, and 50 normal subjects [12].
• The study patients in New Hampshire (n = 411) and a matched comparison cohort in New Jersey (n = 1375) were Medicaid recipients 60 years of age or older who in a base-line year had been taking three or more medications per month, including at least one maintenance drug for certain chronic diseases [13].
• Treatment of chronic disease with 6-mercaptopurine: what effects on fertility [14]?
• Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is upregulated in acute, but not in chronic, MS lesions, and the effect on ameliorating EAE is more pronounced in the acute phase, in contrast to knocking out the immunoglobulin Fc receptor common gamma chain where the effect is greatest on chronic disease [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Chronic Disease

• Plasma-free homovanillic acid, a major metabolite of dopamine, was measured in chronically ill schizophrenic patients both before and during treatment with the antipsychotic phenothiazine, fluphenazine [16].
• CONTEXT: Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended for elderly persons and adults with certain chronic illnesses [17].
• Commitment of T helper 1 (Th1) or Th2 populations developing during an immune response to a pathogen, or an inappropriate immune response to an allergen or autoantigen, may determine the difference between health and chronic disease [18].
• Neoplasia and chronic disease associated with the prolonged administration of dehydroheliotridine to rats [19].
• Low-dose unfractionated heparin should be investigated as a treatment option for acute and chronic diseases in which P- and L-selectin play pathological roles [20].

Biological context of Chronic Disease

• These studies indicate that telomere dysfunction contributes to chronic diseases of continual cellular loss-replacement and encourage the evaluation of "telomerase therapy" for such diseases [21].
• Due to the potent antioxidant properties of tocopherols, the impact of alpha-tocopherol in the prevention of chronic diseases believed to be associated with oxidative stress has often been studied, and beneficial effects have been demonstrated [22].
• Thus, gamma delta T cells regulate both inflammation in the CNS and disease recovery via Fas/Fas ligand-induced apoptosis of encephalitogenic T cells, and a quick resolution of inflammation in the CNS is essential to prevent permanent damage to the CNS resulting in chronic disease [23].
• CONCLUSION: According to our study, about half of anaemic CHF patients showed anaemia of chronic disease with blunted endogenous Epo production and/or a defective iron supply for erythropoiesis [24].
• To define the role of vitamin A, retinol binding protein, and zinc deficiency in producing the thyroid hormone abnormalities found in chronic illness, we studied 62 clinically stable patients with hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders [25].

Anatomical context of Chronic Disease

• Characteristics of a glutamine carrier in skeletal muscle have important consequences for nitrogen loss in injury, infection, and chronic disease [2].
• Although all strains inoculated with the virus showed evidence of viral replication, those strains destined to develop chronic disease showed consistently higher titers of viral antigen in their sera and also in their tissues, particularly in the central nervous system, than did resistant strains [26].
• We also have examined the results in relation to bone marrow iron status in an attempt to explain the reported difference between serum soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) values in anemia of chronic disease (ACD) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in patients with RA [27].
• These results suggest that HLA-DR may be constitutively expressed in white matter, but induced in gray matter microglia in chronic disease states or in association with amyloid deposits [28].
• We found evidence of constitutive activation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) in NK cells from 13/13 patients with NK-LDGL (one patient with aggressive and 12 patients with chronic disease) [29].

Gene context of Chronic Disease

• To evaluate functions of VCAM-1 in chronic disease, we disrupted its fourth Ig domain, producing the murine Vcam1(D4D) allele [30].
• In addition, the effects of these inflammatory cytokines on hypoxia-induced Epo production in vitro suggest that in various inflammatory disorders these cytokines may affect Epo production in vivo and may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease [31].
• Here, we present the current state of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms of PPAR action and the involvement of the PPARs in the etiology and treatment of several chronic diseases [32].
• By extension, COX-2 expression in brain has been associated with pro-inflammatory activities, thought to be instrumental in neurodegenerative processes of several acute and chronic diseases [33].
• Also discussed are novel insights into the molecular mechanisms contributing to the abnormal RE iron metabolism characteristic of hereditary hemochromatosis and the anemia of chronic disease [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Chronic Disease

• Indirubin is the active ingredient of Danggui Longhui Wan, a mixture of plants that is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat chronic diseases [35].
• Oral administration of K-11706 inhibits GATA binding activity, enhances hypoxia-inducible factor 1 binding activity, and restores indicators in an in vivo mouse model of anemia of chronic disease [36].
• The same pattern of results was evident in subgroups defined by age, sex, race, body mass index, chronic illness, diuretic use, and quartiles of baseline serum ascorbic acid levels [37].
• METHODS: We compared all-cause mortality and recurrent hospitalization during median follow-up of 7.5 years in a heterogeneous cohort of patients with chronic illness initially exposed to a multidisciplinary, home-based intervention (HBI) (n = 260) or to usual postdischarge care (n = 268) [38].
• Women with epilepsy (case group) were enrolled before conception or during the first trimester, and women without epilepsy or chronic illness (control group) were recruited during pregnancy [39].

References