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Gene Review

Crip  -  cysteine-rich intestinal protein

Rattus norvegicus

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Disease relevance of Crip

  • When cDNA fragments encoding the four cysteine-rich ligand-binding repeats in megalin were expressed in a baculovirus system and immunoblotted with AC10, it recognized only the second cluster of ligand-binding repeats [1].
  • Rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) is a trimeric ligand for the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the mammalian p75 neurotrophin receptor [2].
  • As controls, CRIP cells expressing retrovirus carrying lacZ marker gene (CRIP-lacZ) or saline (Hanks balanced salt solution, HBSS) were injected [3].
  • Metallothioneins (MTs) are low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich proteins that appear to play an important role in the cellular defense system against cadmium toxicity [4].
  • BACKGROUND: Resistin, a newly discovered cysteine-rich hormone secreted mainly by adipose tissues, has been proposed to form a biochemical link between obesity and type 2 diabetes [5].
 

Psychiatry related information on Crip

  • The localization of CRIP in Paneth cells and its presence in mononuclear cells suggests that CRIP may be involved in host defense mechanisms and/or tissue differentiation/remodeling processes common to these cell types [6].
 

High impact information on Crip

  • The binding of PKC epsilon to actin required that the kinase be activated, presumably to expose a cryptic binding site that we have identified and shown to be located between the first and second cysteine-rich regions within the regulatory domain of only this individual isoform of PKC [7].
  • EF hand motifs, cysteine-rich zinc finger-like sequences, and putative ATP-binding site were all conserved among these isozymes [8].
  • Regulation of cysteine-rich intestinal protein by dexamethasone in the neonatal rat [9].
  • A similar developmental pattern of CRIP protein levels was also detected by an increase in zinc binding to CRIP-containing HPLC fractions of intestinal cytosol [9].
  • CRIP mRNA and protein levels increased in the rat small intestine throughout the suckling period, reaching highest levels by the late weanling stage [9].
 

Biological context of Crip

 

Anatomical context of Crip

  • In this report we show that CRIP mRNA levels are induced by dexamethasone in cultured rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) [11].
  • This cDNA encodes a 359-amino-acid membrane protein of peroxisomes with two transmembrane segments and a cysteine-rich zinc finger, the RING motif [13].
  • Mutational analysis of cysteine-rich domains of the epithelium sodium channel (ENaC). Identification of cysteines essential for channel expression at the cell surface [14].
  • VPC derived from the murine NIH-3T3 cell line, including PA317, Psi CRIP, and GP + E-86, were effectively killed in sera from Old World primates, including human and baboon [15].
  • No changes in CRIP mRNA level were seen in either liver or thymus [16].
 

Associations of Crip with chemical compounds

  • These lysine- and cysteine-rich sequences define a novel family of differentiation/growth factors, which are conserved in their structures from mammals to amphibians [17].
  • Functional interaction of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase with sperm mitochondrion-associated cysteine-rich protein discloses the adjacent cysteine motif as a new substrate of the selenoperoxidase [18].
  • Glypicans are major cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, the structures of which are characterized by the presence of a cysteine-rich globular domain, a short glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attachment region, and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor [19].
  • Both enzymes have cysteine-rich C1 domains (C1A, C1B, and C1C) in the regulatory region [20].
  • Cloning of a novel human diacylglycerol kinase (DGKtheta) containing three cysteine-rich domains, a proline-rich region, and a pleckstrin homology domain with an overlapping Ras-associating domain [21].
 

Other interactions of Crip

 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Crip

  • Mobility-shift assays revealed the presence of nuclear factors that bind to the CRIP promoter as a result of dexamethasone treatment [11].
  • Metallothioneins, a group of cysteine-rich heavy-metal binding proteins, are induced in the regenerating rat liver in response to the stimuli evoked by partial hepatectomy [23].
  • Residues in the second cysteine-rich region of protein kinase C delta relevant to phorbol ester binding as revealed by site-directed mutagenesis [24].
  • Immunocytochemistry showed that, in adherent mononuclear cells, CRIP protein was localized in the cytoplasm [16].
  • Southern blot analysis revealed cross hybridization of a probe for the rat cysteine rich region, to human, mouse, rabbit, and porcine genomic DNA; the rat tandem repeat probe hybridized with mouse and rabbit only [25].

References

  1. Identification of the second cluster of ligand-binding repeats in megalin as a site for receptor-ligand interactions. Orlando, R.A., Exner, M., Czekay, R.P., Yamazaki, H., Saito, A., Ullrich, R., Kerjaschki, D., Farquhar, M.G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1997) [Pubmed]
  2. Rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) is a trimeric ligand for the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the mammalian p75 neurotrophin receptor. Langevin, C., Jaaro, H., Bressanelli, S., Fainzilber, M., Tuffereau, C. J. Biol. Chem. (2002) [Pubmed]
  3. Potent antitumor effects of intra-arterial injection of fibroblasts genetically engineered to express IL-12 in liver metastasis model of rat: no additional benefit of using retroviral producer cell. Iwazawa, T., Chau, G.Y., Mori, T., Dookeran, K.A., Rubin, J.T., Watkins, S., Robbins, P.D., Lotze, M.T., Tahara, H. Cancer Gene Ther. (2001) [Pubmed]
  4. Enhanced metallothionein gene expression is associated with protection from cadmium-induced genotoxicity in cultured rat liver cells. Coogan, T.P., Bare, R.M., Bjornson, E.J., Waalkes, M.P. Journal of toxicology and environmental health. (1994) [Pubmed]
  5. A resistin binding peptide selected by phage display inhibits 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Liu, F., Guo, X.R., Gong, H.X., Ni, Y.H., Fei, L., Pan, X.Q., Guo, M., Chen, R.H. Chin. Med. J. (2006) [Pubmed]
  6. Immunohistochemical localization of cysteine-rich intestinal protein in rat small intestine. Fernandes, P.R., Samuelson, D.A., Clark, W.R., Cousins, R.J. Am. J. Physiol. (1997) [Pubmed]
  7. Identification and localization of an actin-binding motif that is unique to the epsilon isoform of protein kinase C and participates in the regulation of synaptic function. Prekeris, R., Mayhew, M.W., Cooper, J.B., Terrian, D.M. J. Cell Biol. (1996) [Pubmed]
  8. Cloning and expression of a cytoskeleton-associated diacylglycerol kinase that is dominantly expressed in cerebellum. Goto, K., Funayama, M., Kondo, H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1994) [Pubmed]
  9. Regulation of cysteine-rich intestinal protein by dexamethasone in the neonatal rat. Levenson, C.W., Shay, N.F., Lee-Ambrose, L.M., Cousins, R.J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1993) [Pubmed]
  10. Cysteine-rich intestinal protein binds zinc during transmucosal zinc transport. Hempe, J.M., Cousins, R.J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1991) [Pubmed]
  11. Cloning and initial characterization of the promoter region of the rat cysteine-rich intestinal protein gene. Levenson, C.W., Shay, N.F., Cousins, R.J. Biochem. J. (1994) [Pubmed]
  12. Overexpression of CRIP in transgenic mice alters cytokine patterns and the immune response. Lanningham-Foster, L., Green, C.L., Langkamp-Henken, B., Davis, B.A., Nguyen, K.T., Bender, B.S., Cousins, R.J. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. (2002) [Pubmed]
  13. PEX12, the pathogenic gene of group III Zellweger syndrome: cDNA cloning by functional complementation on a CHO cell mutant, patient analysis, and characterization of PEX12p. Okumoto, K., Shimozawa, N., Kawai, A., Tamura, S., Tsukamoto, T., Osumi, T., Moser, H., Wanders, R.J., Suzuki, Y., Kondo, N., Fujiki, Y. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1998) [Pubmed]
  14. Mutational analysis of cysteine-rich domains of the epithelium sodium channel (ENaC). Identification of cysteines essential for channel expression at the cell surface. Firsov, D., Robert-Nicoud, M., Gruender, S., Schild, L., Rossier, B.C. J. Biol. Chem. (1999) [Pubmed]
  15. Retroviral vector producer cell killing in human serum is mediated by natural antibody and complement: strategies for evading the humoral immune response. Rollins, S.A., Birks, C.W., Setter, E., Squinto, S.P., Rother, R.P. Hum. Gene Ther. (1996) [Pubmed]
  16. Lipopolysaccharide regulates cysteine-rich intestinal protein, a zinc-finger protein, in immune cells and plasma. Hallquist, N.A., Khoo, C., Cousins, R.J. J. Leukoc. Biol. (1996) [Pubmed]
  17. HB-GAM (heparin-binding growth-associated molecule) and heparin-type glycans in the development and plasticity of neuron-target contacts. Rauvala, H., Peng, H.B. Prog. Neurobiol. (1997) [Pubmed]
  18. Functional interaction of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase with sperm mitochondrion-associated cysteine-rich protein discloses the adjacent cysteine motif as a new substrate of the selenoperoxidase. Maiorino, M., Roveri, A., Benazzi, L., Bosello, V., Mauri, P., Toppo, S., Tosatto, S.C., Ursini, F. J. Biol. Chem. (2005) [Pubmed]
  19. Mechanisms underlying preferential assembly of heparan sulfate on glypican-1. Chen, R.L., Lander, A.D. J. Biol. Chem. (2001) [Pubmed]
  20. Synthesis and phorbol ester binding of the cysteine-rich domains of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) isozymes. DGKgamma and DGKbeta are new targets of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. Shindo, M., Irie, K., Masuda, A., Ohigashi, H., Shirai, Y., Miyasaka, K., Saito, N. J. Biol. Chem. (2003) [Pubmed]
  21. Cloning of a novel human diacylglycerol kinase (DGKtheta) containing three cysteine-rich domains, a proline-rich region, and a pleckstrin homology domain with an overlapping Ras-associating domain. Houssa, B., Schaap, D., van der Wal, J., Goto, K., Kondo, H., Yamakawa, A., Shibata, M., Takenawa, T., van Blitterswijk, W.J. J. Biol. Chem. (1997) [Pubmed]
  22. Cysteine-rich intestinal protein and intestinal metallothionein: an inverse relationship as a conceptual model for zinc absorption in rats. Hempe, J.M., Cousins, R.J. J. Nutr. (1992) [Pubmed]
  23. Induction of metallothionein and its localization in the nucleus of rat hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy. Tohyama, C., Suzuki, J.S., Hemelraad, J., Nishimura, N., Nishimura, H. Hepatology (1993) [Pubmed]
  24. Residues in the second cysteine-rich region of protein kinase C delta relevant to phorbol ester binding as revealed by site-directed mutagenesis. Kazanietz, M.G., Wang, S., Milne, G.W., Lewin, N.E., Liu, H.L., Blumberg, P.M. J. Biol. Chem. (1995) [Pubmed]
  25. Cloning of rat Muc5AC mucin gene: comparison of its structure and tissue distribution to that of human and mouse homologues. Inatomi, T., Tisdale, A.S., Zhan, Q., Spurr-Michaud, S., Gipson, I.K. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1997) [Pubmed]
 
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