Disease relevance of PGP

• 5. The majority of cortical Lewy bodies in diffuse Lewy body disease showed immunoreactivity for PGP 9 [1].
• Formalin-fixed, paraffin-processed sections known to contain ubiquitin-protein conjugate immunoreactivity in cortical Lewy bodies, neurofibrillary tangles, Rosenthal fibres, Pick bodies, spinal inclusions in motor neurone disease, and Mallory's hyaline in alcoholic liver disease were immunostained to localize PGP 9 [1].
• Six of 17 skeletal Ewing's sarcomas showed light to moderate cytoplasmic staining for NSE and PGP 9 [2].
• Both "goblet cell carcinoids' of the appendix were negative for NSE and PGP 9 [3].
• In aplastic anemia, the phosphoglycolate phosphatase activity was normal, but the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate values were nonetheless increased [4].

High impact information on PGP

• The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA was 54% identical to that of the neuron-specific protein PGP 9 [5].
• Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive nerves were the main subtype identified in the sinus and atrioventricular nodes, representing half to two thirds of the stained area occupied by PGP 9.5-immunoreactive nerves [6].
• The lack of correlation between the activity of phosphoglycolate phosphatase and 2,3-DPG levels suggests that modulation of phosphoglycolate phosphatase activity does not control the level of 2,3-DPG in erythrocytes [4].
• Thus, no relationship was found between phosphoglycolate phosphatase activity and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels [4].
• In hemolytic anemia and blood-loss anemia, characterized by a young red cell population, there was an increase in both phosphoglycolate phosphatase activity and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels [4].

Biological context of PGP

• The results show that APKD is closely linked to the PGP locus on the short arm of chromosome 16 (16p13----p12), which is consistent with the previously reported linkage both to PGP and to the alpha globin locus [7].
• The genetic distance between PGP and APKD shows a maximum likelihood value of the recombination fraction at zero with a lod score of 5 X 5 [7].
• New regional localisations for HAGH and PGP on human chromosome 16 [8].
• The phenotypes ESD, GLO, GPT and PGP in tissues corresponded with the ones in the comparative blood samples [9].
• It has been suggested that expression of the P-glycoprotein transmembrane efflux pump (PGP), encoded by the multi-drug resistance (MDR1) gene, may play a role in the protection of epithelial tissues from a variety of local and systemic toxins [10].

Anatomical context of PGP

• Both HAGH and PGP were present only in cell lines containing human 16p13 [8].
• Two diabetic patients showed elevated sweat gland PGP 9.5-IR and three had increased sweat gland vasoactive intestinal polypeptide; this may represent nerve proliferation [11].
• No discernible change in the distribution of neuropeptide-immunoreactive axons was found, but all of the specimens from the affected areas had a significant increase in the number of intradermal PGP 9.5-immunoreactive nerve fibers compared with unaffected areas from the same patients and normal controls [12].
• We report that in approximately 50% (6/11) of the population, MDR1 messenger RNA levels in the normal urinary epithelium are comparable to those found in the highest expressing tissues in the body, and suggest a role for PGP in the normal bladder urothelium [10].
• Fibroblasts from a fetus with an unbalanced karyotype 46(XY), -16,+(16qter-16p13.3::4q31.1-4qter) were found to possess only one allele at the 3' hypervariable region (3'HVR) close to the alpha-globin locus and two alleles at the PGP locus [13].

Associations of PGP with chemical compounds

• In muscles treated by ethanol the ESD, GLO, GPT and PGP enzymes were active [9].
• Tannic acid decreased calcein efflux and the expression of PGP, MRP1 and MRP2 membrane efflux pumps [14].
• The purified FcR corresponded to 1.5-2% of the protein present in the crude glycoprotein fraction (PGP) and showed the tendency to aggregate [15].
• The possibility that Daunoxome (DNX), a combination of daunorubicin (DNR) with a liposomal targeting system, escapes PGP was tested [16].
• However, human red cell PGP exhibits high (0.24 mM) and low (0.05 mM) Km values for phosphoglycolate irrespective of phenotype and this requires further analysis [17].

Regulatory relationships of PGP

• This PGP also induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), as determined by flow cytometry [18].

Other interactions of PGP

• Localisation of human PGP and HAGH genes to 16p13.3 [19].
• It was found that the genetic differentiation within each province is low, and that only two systems, GPT and PGP, are significantly different between the two provinces [20].
• The present study examines 3 latitude-correlated polymorphisms: PGP, PGM1, and AHSG [21].
• Global CYP, CYP3A4, PGP and trough/dose levels of Tac were compared with diarrhea-free controls [22].
• Our linkage investigation in a family material of more than 600 individuals demonstrated absence of linkage between transcobalamin II and phosphoglycolate phosphatase, which is very closely linked to hemoglobin A on chromosome 16 [23].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of PGP

• The pK values of dPGP in aqueous dispersions or in methanol/water (1:1, v/v) were determined by potentiometric titration and compared with those of 2,3-diphytanyl-sn-glycerol-1-phosphoryl-3'-sn-glycerol-1'-phosphat e (PGP) [24].
• A glycoprotein fraction from Pr. intermedia (PGP) clearly augmented the release of interleukin-8, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [18].
• HPLC analysis of bovine plasma albumin (BPA) showed a single peak on PGP 2000 column [25].
• Three genetic markers, red-cell UMPK, PGP and serum AMY2 were investigated in Malaysians of Malay, Chinese and Indian ancestries using starch-gel and agarose-gel electrophoresis [26].
• PGP (phosphoglycolate phosphatase, E.C. 3.1.3.18) phenotypes were determined by starch gel electrophoresis in 272 mother-child pairs from S [27].

References