Disease relevance of Miosis

• The potency ratio of l-methadone to d,l-methdone, calculated from blood drug concentration data, was found to be 3.0 for respiratory depression and 2.7 for miosis [1].
• Both 1 and 3 weeks' treatment significantly inhibited tyramine and phenylephrine-induced mydriasis, but did not inhibit pilocarpine-induced miosis; in fact the longer treatment enhanced miosis due to pilocarpine [2].
• The clinical picture included coma, miosis, apneic spells, bradycardia, and hypertension [3].
• Influence of pupil size, anisocoria, and ambient light on pilocarpine miosis. Implications for supersensitivity testing [4].
• Substance P in the human iris: possible involvement in echothiophate-induced miosis in cluster headache [5].

Psychiatry related information on Miosis

• RESULTS: Pilocarpine induced marked miosis for >3 h which was accompanied by a decrement in task performance [6].

High impact information on Miosis

• One or both pupils constricted excessively to 0.0625% pilocarpine eyedrops (3 patients), consistent with ocular parasympathetic deficit [7].
• INTRODUCTION: Systemic clearance of intravenous (IV) alfentanil (ALF) is an in vivo probe for hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A activity, miosis is a surrogate for plasma ALF concentrations, and IV ALF miosis is a noninvasive probe for hepatic CYP3A [8].
• ALF miosis may be a suitable noninvasive in vivo probe for both hepatic and first-pass CYP3A [8].
• Pupil diameter was significantly decreased by LAAM after both placebo and ketoconazole pretreatment; ketoconazole increased the tmax for miosis 2.92-fold (2.01-4.25, P <.001) [9].
• Alfentanil effect (miosis) may be an acceptable surrogate for plasma alfentanil concentrations [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Miosis

• Dose-dependent alfentanil disposition was mirrored by commensurate changes in clinical effect, although miosis was variable and not detectable in all subjects at the lowest dose [10].
• Methadone-induced respiratory depression and miosis lasted more than 48 hr [11].
• RESULTS: Buspirone (5, 10, and 20 mg) caused a dose-dependent miosis [12].
• CONCLUSIONS: Whereas morphine clearly produced miosis and respiratory depression, pretreatment with quinidine as an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein did not result in an enhancement of central nervous opioid effects in healthy volunteers [13].
• The effects of subcutaneous placebo, sumatriptan (8 and 16 mg), and morphine (10 and 20 mg) were assessed on measures of subjective, behavioral, and physiologic responses including signs, symptoms, Addiction Research Center Inventory scales, onset of drug effects and miosis [14].

Biological context of Miosis

• Alfentanil effect (miosis) is a surrogate for plasma alfentanil concentrations, and alfentanil effect kinetics may be a suitable noninvasive probe for hepatic CYP3A [10].
• Three measures (pilocarpine-evoked miosis, carbachol-evoked sweating and salivation) reflected the antimuscarinic property of the antidepressants; in two tests (pilocarpine-evoked miosis and salivation) amitriptyline appeared to be more potent than desipramine [15].
• Surprisingly, however, CYP3A induction (or inhibition) decreased (or increased) mean plasma metabolite AUC from 0 to 96 hours (AUC(96)) [norLAAM + dinorLAAM] (859 +/- 241 versus 107 +/- 48 and 1185 +/- 179 ng . h/mL; p < 0.05) and clinical effects (mean miosis AUC(96) 128 +/- 40 versus 22.5 +/- 14.9 and 178 +/- 81 mm . h; p < 0.05) [16].
• Despite generalized consensus that pilocarpine-induced miosis results in some degree of visual field constriction, studies describing the predictability of this occurrence, as well as the nature of the field defects that may be seen, have not been undertaken [17].
• The M1 antagonist pirenzepine was at least 30-fold less potent, with IC50 values of 2.2 microM for outflow facility, 1.4 microM for accommodation and 0.1 microM for miosis [18].

Anatomical context of Miosis

• Injection of 10 micrograms of capsaicin into the anterior chamber of atropine-treated rabbit eyes in vivo induced an immediate and intense miosis [19].
• In contrast, miosis was noted in only 3% of 105 patients with coma from head injuries or infection of the central nervous system [20].
• The results suggest that bradykinin causes miosis and aqueous flare at least partly through local release of neuronal SP [21].
• It is presumed that the prolonged miosis seen in the carbachol group delays the re-establishment of the blood-aqueous barrier after surgery, causing the inflammatory response [22].
• The nicotinic agonist, DMPP, produced nictitating membrane contractions, miosis, and increased ciliary nerve firing [23].

Gene context of Miosis

• The miosis seems to be due to SP and the other effects to CGRP and small amounts of arachidonic acid metabolites released by the peptides [24].
• Intravenous and oral alfentanil as in vivo probes for hepatic and first-pass cytochrome P450 3A activity: noninvasive assessment by use of pupillary miosis [8].
• The CGRP-(32-37)-induced miosis was antagonized by the CCKA receptor antagonist loxiglumide [25].
• Alfentanil-dependent miosis was significantly altered by CYP3A4 modulation, and log(diameter(0) - diameter(t)) versus time curves resembled alfentanil plasma disposition [26].
• A miosis was observed in the experiments with CCK in agreement with previous findings [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Miosis

• The present experiments show that topical application of 10 to 500 micrograms of PGE2 also causes a highly significant IOP reduction in cat eyes lasting up to 48 hr with little or no development of flare or miosis, whereas similar application of PGF2 alpha causes, in addition to an IOP reduction, the development of profound pupillary constriction [28].
• After the intraventricular injection of bradykinin or GAML-bradykinin, rabbits showed decreased motility, ptosis, miosis and lowered ears; after angiotensin II, animals remained motionless but with wide open eyes, fully raised ears and no miosis [29].
• CONCLUSIONS: Topical ketorolac was a more effective inhibitor of miosis than topical diclofenac during extracapsular cataract extraction and IOL implantation [30].
• CONCLUSIONS: Topical ketorolac is an effective inhibitor of miosis during phacoemulsification cataract surgery, and provides a more stable mydriatic effect throughout the surgical procedure [31].
• CONCLUSION: Systemic diclofenac sodium 50 mg given orally 1 hour before surgery did not significantly inhibit miosis when compared with a control group [32].

References