Disease relevance of Salivation

• Side effects of neostigmine included abdominal pain, excess salivation, and vomiting [1].
• Administered either intraperitoneally or orally, CP-96,345 produced dose-dependent inhibition of the sialogogic response elicited by substance P, with a median effective dose of 12-24 mumol/kg (5-10 mg/kg) of body weight, but had no effect on acetylcholine-stimulated salivation [2].
• Pretreatment with the CRF-R1 antagonist significantly attenuated several behavioral signs of naltrexone-induced morphine withdrawal, including writhing, chewing, weight loss, lacrimation, salivation, and irritability, measured during the first hour of withdrawal [3].
• Male and female rats of two lines psychogenetically selected for bipolar extremes in shuttle box avoidance were evaluated for tremor, salivation, chromodacryoorhea, and hypothermia following treatment with the muscarinic cholinergic agonist oxotremorine [4].
• DL-308, similarly to thioridazine, had effects consistent with an alpha-adrenolytic action; both drugs caused miosis, hypotension and a decrease in salivation [5].

Psychiatry related information on Salivation

• Following daily administration of TRH at a low dose of 2.5 mg/kg SC for 21 days, stereotyped behavior was progressively increased whereas tremor and salivation were decreased [6].
• SP also induced vasodilation, salivation and increased locomotor activity [7].
• The most frequently observed side effects during nemonapride treatment were extrapyramidal symptoms such as akathisia (69.7%), dystonia (48.5%), hypokinesia (45.5%), tremor (39.4%) and increased salivation (36.4%) [8].
• These results appear to indicate that orosensory ethanol processing takes place during acute ethanol intoxication probably due to ethanol elimination via respiration, salivation, and/or hematogenic olfaction processes [9].

High impact information on Salivation

• The hydrochloric acid-induced salivation was associated with significant (P < 0.05) increase in bicarbonate secretion in both parotid and whole saliva samples [10].
• Subjects treated with clozapine experienced more excess salivation, dizziness, and sweating and less dry mouth and decreased appetite than those treated with haloperidol [11].
• Nerve growth factor (NGF) in the mouse submandibular gland undergoes cleavage of its amino-terminal octapeptide when salivation is induced by epinephrine [12].
• CP-96,345 [(2S,3S)-cis-2-(diphenylmethyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl) methyl]-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-amine) antagonism of substance P-stimulated salivation was investigated in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats [2].
• Effect of CP-96,345, a nonpeptide substance P receptor antagonist, on salivation in rats [2].

Chemical compound and disease context of Salivation

• The time to inset of pilocarpine (3 mg/kg body weight) induced salivation increased progressively starting 6-8 days after retionate withdrawal [13].
• After s.c. administration in conscious guinea pigs challenged with aerosolized carbachol, NPC-14695 was more potent in the inhibition of collapse than in the inhibition of salivation or the production of mydriasis [14].
• Emesis and diarrhea were frequently observed ancillary effects in cats treated with fenfluramine, whereas apparent sedation and salivation were commonly detected in animals after MK-212 [15].
• In contrast to the nonselective muscarinic agonist oxotremorine, xanomeline did not produce salivation, tremor nor hypothermia; it did, however, increase heart rate [16].
• However, six out of nine patients who completed the trial noted a slight to moderate improvement in their dyskinesias with no change in their Parkinsonism. Excess salivation improved in four subjects on sodium valproate [17].

Biological context of Salivation

• Cyclotropium bromide, a new antimuscarinic agent, inhibits gastrointestinal motility in animals at lower doses than those required to inhibit gastric acid secretion and salivation [18].
• In contrast, SDZ ENS-163 with saline had no effect on CNTB scores, increased salivation, and increased heart rate [19].
• Following the administration of atropine, the vasodilatation persisted, salivation was abolished and after several stimulations kinin release could no longer be detected [20].
• RESULTS: Clonidine decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, salivation and subjectively rated alertness, and tended to decrease pupil diameter, and to increase the power of pupillary fluctuations and PUI [21].
• The dose of pilocarpine reported by others to release surfactant (150 mg kg-1) induced marked salivation, diarrhoea, chromodacryorrhoea and a three-fold increase in tidal volume [22].

Anatomical context of Salivation

• These data suggest that in humans, rapid salivation in response to esophageal mucosal exposure to intraluminal hydrochloric acid is a pH-dependent and osmolality-independent phenomenon that is most likely mediated by pH-sensitive chemoreceptors located in the esophageal mucosa [10].
• Neuropeptide K potently stimulates salivary gland secretion and potentiates substance P-induced salivation [23].
• On chorda lingual nerve stimulation there was salivation, an increased blood flow and the release of a bradykinin-like substance (kinin) into the venous effluent [20].
• The potency of 2f-LIGRL-NH(2), the most powerful peptide, relative to SLIGKV-OH, was about 100 in the cultured cell Ca(2+) signaling assays, 517 in the vasorelaxation assay, and 1100 in the salivation assay [24].
• Furthermore, the difference in potency between the 2-furoylated peptides and the native peptides was enhanced when evaluated in the rat superior mesenteric artery and further increased when measuring PAR-2-mediated salivation in ddY mice in vivo [24].

Associations of Salivation with chemical compounds

• In peptide coinfusion studies, NPK strikingly potentiated the salivation responses elicited by substance P [23].
• Salivation after administration of either epinephrine or norepinephrine was completely inhibited by the alpha-adrenergic blocker, phenoxybenzamine [25].
• The rank order of potency of beta-preprotachykinin-derived peptides on salivation responses was NPK greater than substance P greater than NKA much greater than beta-preprotachykinin-(72-96)-peptide [23].
• Salivation in response to pilocarpine stimulation was reduced significantly in both Nhe1(-/-) and Nhe2(-/-) mice, particularly during prolonged stimulation, whereas the loss of NHE3 had no effect on secretion [26].
• Excessive salivation as an anginal equivalent: a sequela to Ramsay Hunt syndrome [27].

Gene context of Salivation

• Both 3a and 3b induced a brief "serotonin syndrome" and salivation, an indication of 5-HT1A receptor activation [28].
• In addition, dose-response curves were determined for antagonism of oxotremorine-induced salivation (mediated by M3 receptors) and tremor (mediated by non-M1 receptors) in mice [29].
• Physiological response to the muscarinic agonists, oxotremorine (OXO) and pilocarpine, showed that AChE-/- mice were resistant to OXO-induced hypothermia, tremor, salivation, and analgesia, and to pilocarpine-induced seizures [30].
• M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor plays a critical role in parasympathetic control of salivation in mice [31].
• These compounds were assessed for binding affinities for M1 and M2 receptors and in vivo muscarinic activity: namely, amelioration of scopolamine-induced impairment in rat passive avoidance tasks and induction of hypothermia, tremor, and salivation [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Salivation

• Upon i.v. administration, BR 401 was 2- to 3-fold more potent than oxotremorine and 10 to 20 times more potent than BM 123 in producing central (tremor and analgesia) and peripheral (salivation) muscarinic effects [33].
• A girl aged 5 years developed nocturnal seizures (mouth twitching, salivation, anarthria, with right arm jerking and occasional secondary generalisation), with frequent focal sharp waves over the left centrotemporal region in her EEG, suggesting benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) [34].
• Muscarinic receptor binding, plasma concentration and inhibition of salivation after oral administration of a novel antimuscarinic agent, solifenacin succinate in mice [35].
• In stimulating salivation in the rat after intravenous injection, eledoisin, kassinin, and substance K were respectively 2.3, 1.3 and 0.33 times as potent as substance P [36].
• The mechanism of the clonidine induced reduction in submaxillary salivation evoked by electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani was investigated in anaesthetised cats [37].

References