Disease relevance of Nictitating Membrane

• The effects of the optical isomers and the racemic form of ketocyclazocine (KC) were compared with morphine and U-50,488H in the chronic spinal dog. l-KC and dl-KC produced depression of nociceptive reflexes, miosis, relaxation of the nictitating membrane and sedation, whereas d-KC lacked pharmacological activity [1].
• Phenoxybenzamine (4 mg/kg) constricted primarily the pupil of the innervated iris and completely antagonized the effects of the catecholamines on the irides and amphetamine on the nictitating membranes, but only partially antagonized amphetamine-induced mydriasis [2].
• Very large doses of vecuronium decreased the responses of the preganglionic stimulation of the nictitating membrane, suggesting that at high doses the compound possesses ganglion blocking activity [3].
• In contrast to the residual responses to sympathetic stimulation in the nictitating membrane, the tachycardia evoked by postganglionic cardiac nerve stimulation was totally abolished by pretreatment with reserpine, even after the administration of cocaine [4].
• Histologic characteristics and local cellular immunity of the gland of the third eyelid after topical ophthalmic administration of 2% cyclosporine for treatment of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca [5].

Psychiatry related information on Nictitating Membrane

• Retardation of associative learning in the rabbit by an adenosine analog as measured by classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response [6].

High impact information on Nictitating Membrane

• Protein kinase C redistribution within CA3 stratum oriens during acquisition of nictitating membrane conditioning in the rabbit [7].
• The present study assessed Pavlovian eyeblink (EB) conditioning, using tones and periorbital shock as the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (CS and US), and nictitating membrane (NM) conditioning, using tones and airpuffs as the CS and US [8].
• To understand how the cerebellum adaptively times the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response (NMR), a model of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) second messenger system in cerebellar Purkinje cells is constructed [9].
• 1. Studies show that reversible inactivation of the anterior interpositus nucleus (AIP) of the cerebellum with muscimol (a GABAA agonist) prevents acquisition of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response (NMR) in the rabbit [10].
• Nimodipine facilitates retention of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response in aged rabbits over long retention intervals [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Nictitating Membrane

• Effects of haloperidol and pimozide on classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response [12].
• We anaesthetized the inferior olive with lidocaine while rabbits simultaneously: (i) performed conditioned nictitating membrane responses to a flashing light to which they had already been trained; and (ii) underwent their first experience with classical conditioning of the same response to a tone [13].
• Sodium pentobarbital: sensory and associative effects in classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response [14].
• This paper presents a review of studies dealing with the effects of 5-HT agonists and antagonists on learning as measured by classical conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response or the conditioned avoidance response in the rat [15].
• Sixteen rabbits received classical conditioning of the right nictitating membrane response using a tone CS and electrostimulation of the right eye as the US [16].

Biological context of Nictitating Membrane

• Although the potency varied considerably all of the compounds tested lowered the blood pressure, which appeared to be the result of ganglion blocking properties as determined by their reduction of the pressor response to dimethylphenylpiperazinium and the blockage of the contraction of the preganglionically stimulated cat nictitating membrane [17].
• Large doses of atracurium also decrease the nictitating membrane responses and, in some cats, contractions of the nictitating membrane associated with increases in heart rate and arterial pressure were observed [3].
• In contrast, alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade with rauwolscine had no depressant effect on the nictitating membrane but was a potent antagonist for epinephrine-induced ocular vasoconstriction [18].
• PEA (0.8 mg/kg/min infused for 12 min) and amphetamine (3.2 mg/kg) facilitated the flexor reflex, increased respiration, temperature and the skin twitch reflex latency, caused a marked mydriasis, retracted the nictitating membrane and produced restlessness and stereotypic head movements [19].
• Preincubation of intact superior cervical ganglia or nictitating membrane for 2 h with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db cAMP) increased the hydroxylation of tyrosine [20].

Anatomical context of Nictitating Membrane

• Characteristics of nasal vasoconstrictor and nictitating membrane responses induced by electrical stimulation of the cat hypothalamus [proceedings] [21].
• Pancuronium enhanced contraction of the nictitating membrane elicited via ganglionic muscarinic pathways in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat [22].
• The effectiveness of phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine in blocking responses to exogenous NE was the same when the normal nictitating membrane was compared to the smooth muscle obtained from cats pretreated with reserpine [23].
• 3. Phenoxybenzamine (29.3 muM) caused a marked increase in the noradrenaline output from both the cat nictitating membrane and guinea-pig myenteric plexus preparations [24].
• Selective inhibition by hydrocortisone of 3H-normetanephrine formation during 3H-transmitter release elicited by nerve stimulation in the isolated nerve-muscle preparation of the cat nictitating membrane [25].

Associations of Nictitating Membrane with chemical compounds

• 1. We have examined the role of the anterior interpositus nucleus (AIP) of the cerebellum in Pavlovian conditioning of the nictitating membrane response (NMR) of the rabbit with the use of reversible brain lesions produced by the local anaesthetic lidocaine [26].
• Contractions of the nictitating membrane evoked by noradrenaline were reduced by pretreatment with WY 26392 [27].
• This study reviews the role of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor in learning as measured by the acquisition of the rabbit's classically conditioning nictitating membrane response, a component of the eyeblink response [28].
• The effects of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine on the responses of the nasal vasculature and nictitating membrane of the cat to cervical sympathetic stimulation [proceedings] [29].
• Effects of subanesthetic concentrations of isoflurane and their interactions with epinephrine on acquisition and retention of the rabbit nictitating membrane response [30].

Gene context of Nictitating Membrane

• The response of the nictitating membrane ipsilateral to the anastomosis was smaller and had a lower EC50 for hexamethonium (C6) than the responses of the nictitating membrane ipsilateral to the intact or sutured CST [31].
• We evaluated the efficacy of topical NGF treatment in dogs who developed dry eye after the excision of the third eyelid lacrimal gland [32].
• RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle [33].
• We have studied the changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) molecular forms during cross-innervation of the inferior smooth muscle of the cat nictitating membrane by the hypoglossal nerve [34].
• The absence of blockade by practolol, although negative evidence, permitted the nictitating membrane response to be classified as a beta2-adrenoceptor effect, which was supported by the full agonist activity of salbutamol [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Nictitating Membrane

• 3 Close intra-arterial injection of SGTX (6.2-12.3 nmol/kg) to the superior cervical ganglion blocked the contractile response of the nictitating membrane to preganglionic stimulation of cervical sympathetic nerve or injected DMPP, but not to postganglionic stimulation or to injected adrenaline and McN-A-343 [36].
• The potentiation by tandamine and imipramine of the NA and 5-HT contraction of the nictitating membrane disappeared after chronic denervation of the membrane [37].
• Post-ganglionic chemical sympathectomy of the cat nictitating membrane following systemic epinephrine: degeneration of nerve terminals followed by regeneration [38].
• These results demonstrate the usefulness of laser-Doppler flowmetry in studies of the choroidal circulation and suggest that, unlike the nictitating membrane, epinephrine-induced anterior segment vasoconstriction is mediated by both postjunctional alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors with alpha 2-adrenoceptors being predominant [18].

References