Disease relevance of Anterior Chamber

• Loss of ocular immune privilege can occur with breaching of the blood-ocular barrier, corneal neovascularization, migration of classic APCs to the center of the cornea, loss of inhibitory factors in aqueous humor, abrogation of ACAID, and loss of Fas ligand expression within the anterior chamber [1].
• Ibopamine, during its peak mydriasis, was associated with a very large increase in the rate of clearance of topically applied fluorescein from the cornea and anterior chamber, an effect that was not associated with tropicamide during its peak mydriasis [2].
• Increased CD4+ expression and decreased IL-10 in the anterior chamber in idiopathic uveitis [3].
• METHODS: Argon laser treatment of the anterior chamber angle was used to induce chronic ocular hypertension (COHT) in the right eye of 18 macaque monkeys [4].
• When BSA was mixed with complete or incomplete Freund's adjuvant and injected into the anterior chamber, recipients produced serum specific antibodies; however, they displayed impaired delayed hypersensitivity [5].

High impact information on Anterior Chamber

• Rieger syndrome (RIEG) is an autosomal-dominant human disorder that includes anomalies of the anterior chamber of the eye, dental hypoplasia and a protuberant umbilicus [6].
• Inflammatory cells entering the anterior chamber of the eye in response to viral infection underwent apoptosis that was dependent on Fas (CD95)-Fas ligand (FasL) and produced no tissue damage [7].
• Systemic immune unresponsiveness induced in adult mice by anterior chamber presentation of minor histocompatibility antigens [8].
• In addition, by 6 months none of the flubendazole subjects had intracorneal microfilariae, and only one had microfilariae in the anterior chamber, whereas the numbers of intraocular microfilariae in the DEC group had returned to pretreatment levels [9].
• Here we describe the identification of novel mutations in the FOXC1 gene in patients with anterior-chamber defects of the eye [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Anterior Chamber

• METHODS: One injection into the anterior chamber of recombinant human IL-13 (6 ng in 10 microl saline) was performed either simultaneously with a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella typhimurium into the footpad or 6 hours before the IL-13 injection [11].
• Two anticancer agents, one lipophilic, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), and one hydrophilic, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno) imidazol-4-carboxamide (DTIC), were used to treat Brown-Pearce epithelioma in the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes [12].
• A prospective analysis of the effect of chronically administered timolol on the rate of aqueous humor flow through the anterior chamber was performed in 15 eyes of 13 subjects with chronic open-angle glaucoma [13].
• With increasing duration of systemic pressures above 160 mm Hg, anterior chamber fluorescein concentrations rose from base-line of 135 micrograms/mL to 210 micrograms/mL after one to four weeks of hypertension, and to 394 micrograms/mL after five to eight weeks (P = .005) [14].
• We conclude that low anterior chamber doses of pilocarpine do not increase outflow facility in the living monkey as reported in the organ-cultured human eye, nor do they induce miosis or accommodation [15].

Biological context of Anterior Chamber

• These data suggest that both FOXC1 haploinsufficiency and increased gene dosage can cause anterior-chamber defects of the eye [10].
• This study shows that alloantigen presentation via the anterior chamber (AC) of the eye coupled with a single high dose cyclophosphamide (CP) (100 mg/kg) treatment effectively suppresses the skin graft rejection reaction of the recipient [16].
• Cell division was identified by injecting tritiated thymidine into the anterior chamber 24 hr after laser application [17].
• Fresh surgical specimens of retinoblastoma were successfully transplanted into the anterior chamber of the "nude" mouse (a homozygous mutant, nu/nu, with a severe defect in cellular immunity), filling the eyes but failing to grow subcutaneously [18].
• Purified replication-deficient adenovirus containing the cytomegalovirus-promoted Escherichia coli reporter gene, lacZ, was injected into the vitreous cavities or anterior chambers of 30 adult CD-1 mice using the contralateral eyes as controls [19].

Anatomical context of Anterior Chamber

• In order to address this question, estrogen receptors were assayed in HPOA 8 weeks after transplantation of the tissue from embryonic day 15 to 18 fetuses to either the choroidal pia overlying the superior colliculus or to the anterior chamber of the eye of adult female hosts [20].
• Aqueous humor (AqH) contains immunosuppressive factors, especially TGF-beta2, that contribute to the immune privileged status of the anterior chamber [21].
• In contrast to there being no differences in most regulatory cytokine mRNAs, both mRNA and protein for IL-10 were increased in splenic NK T cells of anterior chamber (a.c.)-inoculated mice [22].
• The abilities of microglia to secrete TGF-beta2, to stimulate alloreactive Th2 cells, and to induce anterior chamber associated immune deviation when injected into the eye of naive allogeneic mice suggest that they are not typical passenger leukocytes [23].
• The inability of anterior uveal tissue APCs to migrate to lymph nodes may contribute to deviant immune responses that dominate after Ags are introduced into the anterior chamber [24].

Associations of Anterior Chamber with chemical compounds

• Thus, a new role for the high ascorbate level present in the anterior chamber fluid and the lens has been suggested [25].
• Medial amygdaloid tissue, taken from female rats immediately after birth, was transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye in adult ovariectomized host rats in order to elucidate the influence of estrogen on synapse formation without contribution of neural afferents [26].
• Administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) into the anterior chamber substantially increased both SP and TH activity in the iris and also increased CAT activity to a lesser extent [27].
• Abnormalities were found in 14 (fluorescein leakage in 10, perivenous sheathing in 6, cells in the vitreous in 6 and in the anterior chamber in 4; in 2 the cells in the media were seen without vascular changes) [28].
• These experiments reveal that voltage- and Na+ -dependent transport by S427L-hkNBCe1 is unfavorably altered, thereby causing both insufficient HCO3- absorption by the kidney (proximal RTA) and inappropriate anterior chamber fluid transport (glaucoma) [29].

Gene context of Anterior Chamber

• The injection of Ad.sflt into the anterior chamber slowed or inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenic changes [30].
• Several studies have shown that the expression of FasL in the anterior chamber of the eye and the testis allows these tissues to be immunoprivileged sites [31].
• This work investigated whether the presence of a proven antiangiogenic factor, the soluble variant of the VEGF receptor, sFlt-1, in the anterior chamber is sufficient to inhibit new vessel formation in the cornea in an animal model of corneal neovascularization [30].
• CONCLUSIONS: Injection of IL-13 into the anterior chamber may inhibit the ocular inflammation induced by LPS injection by reducing intraocular cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression in ocular tissues [11].
• Ocular manifestations of FGFR2 syndromes are reported to include shallow orbits, proptosis, strabismus, and hypertelorism, but no ocular anterior chamber, structural abnormalities have been reported until now [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Anterior Chamber

• Among the 25 IDD treated conventionally with one or two insulin injections daily, hemoglobin A1C concentrations remained elevated and fluorescein concentration, 1 h after the intravenous injection of fluorescein (7 mg/kg), did not change significantly in either the anterior chamber or the posterior vitreous [33].
• Outflow facility was measured for 45 to 60 minutes, beginning 3 hours after epinephrine administration, by two-level constant pressure perfusion of the anterior chamber [34].
• No cyclosporine could be detected by radioimmunoassay in anterior chamber fluid removed by paracentesis from grafted animals treated with cyclosporine, suggesting poor absorption of the drug across the cornea [35].
• To demonstrate the versatility of the instrument, we measured the spectra of fluorescein, fluorescein glucuronide and rhodamine B in the anterior chambers and corneas of pigmented rabbits after topical administration [36].
• METHODS: For 262 eyes of 131 children with strabismus (age range, 6 months to 11 years), the radius of the corneal curvature was measured with an auto-keratometer and the anterior chamber depth with an A-scan ultrasound unit under general anesthesia before the surgery [37].

References