Disease relevance of Hepatitis D

• To study the nature of the immunoglobulin M antibody to the hepatitis delta virus in acute hepatitis D and in chronic hepatitis D, antibody-positive sera were submitted to rate zonal centrifugation to separate monomeric 7S from pentameric 19S immunoglobulin M antibodies [1].
• Natural history of hepatitis D viral superinfection: significance of viremia detected by polymerase chain reaction [2].
• We tested sera collected between 1976 and 1984 from 362 persons in a variety of epidemiologic categories with acute and chronic hepatitis B and from 76 hemophiliacs and drug addicts with hepatitis B antibodies for hepatitis D markers [3].
• Hepatitis D virus antigenemia did not indicate hepatitis D virus replication because hepatitis D virus RNA was not detected in 9 of 12 patients with hepatitis D virus antigen in their sera [4].
• These findings show that: (a) DR3, a genetic marker of autoimmunity, might assist the establishment of chronic HBsAg liver disease in the absence of delta superinfection; (b) DR2 is linked with failure to clear the delta agent, and (c) DR4 may protect from virus B persistence [5].

Psychiatry related information on Hepatitis D

• They suggest that its spread in the community can occur through inapparent parenteral routes as observed for hepatitis-B (HBV) and hepatitis-delta viruses (HDV) and possibly facilitated by poorer social-demographic and life-style factors [6].

High impact information on Hepatitis D

• Seven patients treated with the higher dose of interferon (50 percent) had a complete response (normal levels of alanine aminotransferase and no detectable serum hepatitis delta virus [HDV] RNA), as compared with three of those who received the lower dose (21 percent, P = 0.118), and none of the controls (P = 0.004) [7].
• A 66-kilodalton subunit of NELF (NELF-A) shows limited sequence similarity to hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), the viral protein required for replication of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) [8].
• Stimulation of RNA polymerase II elongation by hepatitis delta antigen [8].
• In the hepatitis delta virus antigenomic ribozyme, imidazole buffer rescued activity of a mutant with a cytosine-76 (C76) to uracil substitution [9].
• Delta-interacting protein A and the origin of hepatitis delta antigen [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Hepatitis D

• RNA editing at adenosine 1012 (amber/W site) in the antigenomic RNA of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) allows two essential forms of the viral protein, hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), to be synthesized from a single open reading frame [11].
• Double-stranded (ds) RNA-specific adenosine deaminase converts adenosine residues into inosines in dsRNA and edits transcripts of certain cellular and viral genes such as glutamate receptor (GluR) subunits and hepatitis delta antigen [12].
• Alanine transferase normalization and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA negativity at the end of treatment and at the end of the follow-up period (at least 6 months following 2-year treatment) were primary endpoints of the study [13].
• Uridine diphosphate glucoronosyl transferases, candidate antigens of liver-kidney microsomal antibodies in hepatitis delta virus-infected patients [14].
• The intrahepatic distribution of hepatitis delta virus RNA was studied by in situ hybridization in 33 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsies from 17 chronic hepatitis B virus carriers superinfected with hepatitis delta virus [15].

Biological context of Hepatitis D

• These range from improved models of the phosphodiester cleavage reactions catalyzed by the hairpin and hepatitis delta virus ribozymes to the visualization of a complete active site of a group I self-splicing intron with bound 5'- and 3'-exons [16].
• We have previously demonstrated that sequences within the C-terminal 19-amino acid domain flanking the isoprenylation motif of the large hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg-L) are important for virion assembly [17].
• Host RNA polymerase requirements for transcription of the human hepatitis delta virus genome [18].
• RNA editing of the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) antigenome at the amber/W site by the host RNA adenosine deaminase ADAR1 is a critical step in the HDV replication cycle [19].
• These cDNA plasmids represent the three viral RNA segments in the antigenomic orientation, transcribed intracellularly by the T7 RNA polymerase and with the 3' ends trimmed by the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme [20].

Anatomical context of Hepatitis D

• Monomers of the genomic strand of hepatitis delta virus RNA were transcribed in vitro and then delivered to NIH 3T3 fibroblasts by using a liposome fusion technique [21].

Gene context of Hepatitis D

• NELF-A has sequence similarity to hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), the viral protein that binds to and activates RNAPII, whereas NELF-E is an RNA-binding protein whose RNA-binding activity is critical for NELF function [22].
• Hepatitis delta virus minimal substrates competent for editing by ADAR1 and ADAR2 [23].
• The double-stranded RNA-activated kinase, PKR, can phosphorylate hepatitis D virus small delta antigen at functional serine and threonine residues [24].
• In this work, the rates for equilibration between the active and pausing pathways were estimated in the absence of an elongation factor, in the presence of hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), and in the presence of transcription factor IIF (TFIIF), with or without addition of SII [25].
• The production of p44 mRNA is markedly induced in the liver of chimpanzees infected with hepatitis C or hepatitis D virus [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Hepatitis D

• In 5 patients who underwent transplantation and who became reinfected with HDV, the antibody remained undetectable during the early reinfection phase, as marked by HDV replication and by the absence of liver damage; however, it rapidly raised to pre-transplantation levels with the recurrence of hepatitis D (HD) in the liver graft [27].
• Stored sera were tested for antibody to hepatitis delta antigen (anti-HD) by radioimmunoassay and available liver biopsies examined for hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) by immunofluorescence [28].
• Panels of hepatitis B virus surface antigen-positive sera from drug abusers were used to evaluate 14 commercial enzyme immunoassays from six companies for detecting hepatitis delta virus (HDV) markers [29].
• Persons at greatest risk of delta infection are those living in endemic areas and HBsAg-carrier parenteral drug abusers, hemophiliacs, hemodialysis patients, and homosexual men in nonendemic areas [30].
• To investigate whether EII is also able to interact with the HBsAg envelope of the hepatitis delta virus (H delta V), immunoprecipitation experiments were performed [31].

References