Disease relevance of Pan troglodytes

• Adaptive evolution of the tumour suppressor BRCA1 in humans and chimpanzees. Australian Breast Cancer Family Study [1].
• Protection of chimpanzees from infection by HIV-1 after vaccination with recombinant glycoprotein gp120 but not gp160 [2].
• Patr-A and B, the orthologues of HLA-A and B, present hepatitis C virus epitopes to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells from two chronically infected chimpanzees [3].
• We have investigated the systemic anti-HIV antibody response in chimpanzees who were immunized with live vaccinia containing either the HIV envelope glycoprotein (gp160IIIB) or a control antigen (herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D) and then challenged with either a high dose (300,000 TCID50) or low dose (100 TCID50) of HIVIIIB [4].
• When albumin fractions of chimpanzees were polymerized with glutaraldehyde, they also bound with the receptor on hepatitis B surface antigen [5].

Psychiatry related information on Pan troglodytes

• The 200- and 150-kDa neurofilament proteins react with IgG autoantibodies from chimpanzees with kuru or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; a 62-kDa neurofilament-associated protein reacts with sera from sheep with natural scrapie [6].

High impact information on Pan troglodytes

• Although Vpr is selected against when virus is adapted to tissue culture, we show that selection for Vpr function in vivo occurs in both humans and chimpanzees infected with HIV-1 [7].
• A combination AIDS vaccine approach consisting of priming with adenovirus-HIV-1MN gp160 recombinants followed by boosting with HIV-1SF2 gp120 was evaluated in chimpanzees [8].
• HLA-A and B polymorphisms predate the divergence of humans and chimpanzees [9].
• We have now compared class I MHC alleles in two closely related species: humans (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) [9].
• The anatomic pattern and left hemisphere size predominance of the planum temporale, a language area of the human brain, are also present in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Pan troglodytes

• Fourteen chimpanzees were inoculated with pre- and posttreatment sera from seven patients with persistent hepatitis B virus infection and chronic hepatitis who had permanent responses of their infection to treatment with interferon and/or adenine arabinoside [11].
• We conclude that pentoxifylline attenuates neutrophil activation in endotoxemia in chimpanzees, probably in part by inhibiting the release of TNF [12].
• Differential selection of specific human immunodeficiency virus type 1/JC499 variants after mucosal and parenteral inoculation of chimpanzees [13].
• Five of six experimentally infected chimpanzees observed for more than one year demonstrated persistent or intermittent elevations in levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) indicative of continuing liver dysfunction [14].
• To assess the sterilization efficacy of a combined Tween 80, beta-propiolactone and ultraviolet irradiation procedure applied to a F VIII preparation to which an estimated 10(5.9) chimpanzee infectious doses (CID50) of hepatitis B virus had been added per ml, two chimpanzees were inoculated with 10 ml each of treated and untreated preparations [15].

Biological context of Pan troglodytes

• However, the present comparison of MHC class I gene intron variation revealed that chimpanzees have experienced a severe repertoire reduction at the orthologues of the HLA-A, -B, and -C loci [16].
• Natural selection on the olfactory receptor gene family in humans and chimpanzees [17].
• Although some mitochondrial, X chromosome, and autosomal sequence diversity data are available for our closest relatives, Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus, data from the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome (NRY) are more limited [18].
• Based on recent reports of antibody-dependent enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in vitro by serum from HIV-1-infected humans, sera from HIV-1 antibody-positive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) was evaluated for enhancing activity in an in vitro infection assay that uses MT-2 cells (a human lymphoblastoid cell line) [19].
• Induction of cellular immunity in chimpanzees to human tumor-associated antigen mucin by vaccination with MUC-1 cDNA-transfected Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized autologous B cells [20].

Anatomical context of Pan troglodytes

• Seven chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have been immunized with both putative envelope glycoproteins [E1 (gp33) and E2 (gp72)] that were copurified from HeLa cells infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus expression vector [21].
• In the two chimpanzees studied, the liver biopsies showed minimal histological disease activity, but high percentages of hepatocytes were HCV-positive by ISH that correlated with hepatocyte ultrastructural changes associated with HCV infection [22].
• This study involved comparison of occlusal slope and relief of the lower second molars of Australopithecus afarensis (n=15) and early Homo (n=8) with those of Gorilla gorilla gorilla (n=47) and Pan troglodytes troglodytes (n=54) [23].
• In the present study, we investigated the inferior pulvinar of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), the closest evolutionary relative of humans, using cytochrome oxidase (CO) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry, and immunocytochemistry for calbindin [24].
• Protection of the thyroid from radioactive contamination by the administration of stable iodide was investigated in chimpanzees aged 2 to 98 weeks [25].

Associations of Pan troglodytes with chemical compounds

• To examine this issue, we infused relatively high concentrations of recombinant Factor VIIa (approximately 50 micrograms/kg body wt) into normal chimpanzees and observed significant increases in the plasma levels of Factor IX activation peptide, Factor X activation peptide, and prothrombin activation fragment F1+2 [26].
• Sucrose density gradient fractions of two of the infectious human sera (peak reverse transcriptase activity at 1.14 g/ml) transmitted NANBH to chimpanzees [27].
• Within 6 months after inoculation with the closely related strains HTLV-IIIB or LAV-1, six chimpanzees developed serum antibodies to the C-terminal half (amino acids 288-467) of the HTLV-IIIB external envelope glycoprotein gp120 [28].
• The intracellular distribution of HCV RNA was monitored in the livers of two chimpanzees experimentally infected with the H strain of HCV and compared with the serum alanine aminotransferase activity, serum HCV RNA, and liver histopathology [29].
• This neutralization epitope, putatively consisting of a loop between two cysteine residues (amino acids 296 and 331) connected by a disulfide bond, is immunodominant in HIV-1-infected chimpanzees and induces antibodies restricted to the homologous viral strain [28].

Gene context of Pan troglodytes

• Neuropathology and apolipoprotein E profile of aged chimpanzees: implications for Alzheimer disease [30].
• Chimpanzees and gorillas share a unique 12-bp deletion in the coding region of DRD4, outside the repeat-unit segment of the gene [31].
• DEFA1 appeared to be at high copy number in all great apes studied; at one variable site in the repeat unit, both variants have persisted in humans, chimpanzees and gorillas since their divergence [32].
• The organization of the Hp and Hpr genes in chimpanzees is the same as in humans, including a retrovirus-like sequence in the first intron of Hpr [33].
• Whereas only one KIR2DL4 molecule is detected in humans and chimpanzees, two distinct KIR2DL4 homologues were identified in the monkeys [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Pan troglodytes

• A modified ELISA was used to measure immunoreactivity of sera from clinical posttransfusion cases and experimentally infected chimpanzees [35].
• Interestingly, in contrast to the situation found in infected humans, Fas ligation by agonistic Abs or recombinant human Fas ligand on CD4 and CD8 T cells from infected chimpanzees did not induce apoptosis in these subsets even when Bcl-2 was down-regulated [36].
• SIVcpz infection was confirmed in five chimpanzees by PCR amplification of partial pol and gp41/nef sequences which revealed a diverse group of viruses that formed a monophyletic lineage within the SIVcpzPts radiation [37].
• SFV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, but not IgA antibodies, against the Gag and Bet proteins were detected, by Western blotting, in all sample types from infected humans and chimpanzees [38].
• Southern blot analysis with an exon 7-specific probe suggested that gorillas have more than two RH genes, as has recently been reported for chimpanzees [39].

References