Disease relevance of Monitoring, Immunologic

• HLA-G expression in melanoma: a way for tumor cells to escape from immunosurveillance [1].
• The observation that the MSI-H phenotype was restricted to HIV infection-related lymphomas and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders suggests the existence of the highly immunogenic mutator pathway as a novel oncogenic process in lymphomagenesis whose role is favored when host immunosurveillance is reduced [2].
• HLA-G up-regulation together with IL-10 expression in CL might additionally contribute to the evasion of immunosurveillance and facilitate the transition from low- to high-grade lymphomas [3].
• Using a tumor expressing HIV gp160 as a model viral tumor Ag, we found a growth-regression-recurrence pattern, and used this to investigate mechanisms of immunosurveillance [4].
• Susceptibility in these mice is conferred by an endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen (Mtv-7 sag) that acts to delete T cells required for polyomavirus-induced tumor immunosurveillance [5].

High impact information on Monitoring, Immunologic

• IL-13 can also inhibit tumor immunosurveillance [6].
• These results demonstrate a role for FucT-IV in selectin-dependent adhesion and suggest that the endothelial selectins and FucTs have distinct but overlapping functions in the immunosurveillance of the skin [7].
• NKG2D is an important immunosurveillance receptor that responds to stress-induced ligand expression on tumors and virus-infected cells [8].
• Thus, NKG2D engagement is a natural mediator of immunosurveillance, which can be compromised by locally sustained ligand expression but potentially restored by innate immune activation [9].
• NKT cell-mediated repression of tumor immunosurveillance by IL-13 and the IL-4R-STAT6 pathway [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Monitoring, Immunologic

• It appears that the immunosuppressive effects of cadmium impair immunosurveillance mechanisms that control expression of the murine lymphocytic leukemia virus [11].

Biological context of Monitoring, Immunologic

• Thus, NKT cells and IL-13, possibly produced by NKT cells and signaling through the IL-4R-STAT6 pathway, are necessary for down-regulation of tumor immunosurveillance [10].
• Speculations on the role that the major histocompatibility complex may play in the immunosurveillance of neoplasms are also presented [12].
• Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a ubiquitous and essential regulator of cellular and physiologic processes including proliferation, differentiation, migration, cell survival, angiogenesis, and immunosurveillance [13].
• Many malignant cells secrete transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a potent immunosuppresant, suggesting that TGF-beta production may represent a significant tumor escape mechanism from host immunosurveillance [14].
• These findings suggest that detection of IL-2 gene expression by RT-PCR may be useful for immune monitoring of allograft rejection [15].

Anatomical context of Monitoring, Immunologic

• This suggests that Pyvs might encode the Mtv-7 superantigen (SAG) and abrogate polyoma tumor immunosurveillance through elimination of T cells bearing specific V beta domains [16].
• Further, blocking TGF-beta or depleting Gr-1+ cells in vivo prevented the tumor recurrence, implying that TGF-beta made by a CD11b+ Gr-1+ myeloid cell, in an IL-13 and CD1d-restricted T cell-dependent mechanism, is necessary for down-regulation of tumor immunosurveillance [17].
• Considering the well established role of nonclassical HLA-G class I molecules in inhibiting natural killer (NK) cell function, the consequence of abnormal HLA-G expression in malignant cells should be the escape of tumors from immunosurveillance [1].
• Endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and ICAM-2 are both involved in lymphocyte extravasation during immunosurveillance and inflammation [18].
• As IL-13 plays key roles in tumor immunosurveillance, asthma, and central nervous system inflammation, it may contribute to the pathophysiology of HTLV-1-associated diseases [19].

Associations of Monitoring, Immunologic with chemical compounds

• These results indicate a potential mechanism of increased immunosurveillance during inflammation at the site in which ascending bacteria enter the kidney tissue, i.e., the collecting ducts and the distal part of the nephron [20].
• A randomized trial of three renal transplant induction antibodies: early comparison of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroid dosing, and newer immune-monitoring [21].
• The results suggest that T4-IL-2R cells that escape cyclosporine inhibition are highly correlated with rejection and enumeration may contribute to increased utility of immune monitoring in these patients [22].
• Thus, we provide evidence that polymorphic IFN-gamma alleles are associated with age at clinical presentation and risk groups such as prednisone response in B-lineage ALL, suggesting distinct effects of IFN-gamma in immunosurveillance and early response to steroid therapy [23].
• Ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide: effects on immunosurveillance [24].

Gene context of Monitoring, Immunologic

• The altered DC differentiation and Ag presentation function induced by the soluble sialylated tumor-associated mucin may represent a mechanism by which epithelial tumors can escape immunosurveillance [25].
• E-selectin, thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL17, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 are constitutively coexpressed in dermal microvessels: a foundation for a cutaneous immunosurveillance system [26].
• Recently, two genes that have a role in immunosurveillance were identified as downstream targets of TP53 [27].
• These genes, TAP1 and fractalkine, may contribute to suppress tumor growth through host immunosurveillance [27].
• Deletion of the Stat6 gene, therefore, provides significantly enhanced immunosurveillance [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Monitoring, Immunologic

• This work provides a new approach for analysis of the immunophysiology of allograft rejection and should be useful for monitoring immune responses to graft Ags in human transplant recipients [29].
• These assays could be of value for the detection of invasive cervical cancer in settings in which cytology-based early tumor screening is not available, for the clinical management of patients diagnosed with cervical cancer, and for the immunological monitoring of E6 and E7 vaccination trials [30].
• Various epithelial cancers and tissue allografts have been noted to express HLA-G, which is postulated to aid in their escape from immunosurveillance [31].
• Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6) and CD1: inhibitors of immunosurveillance against primary tumors and metastatic disease [28].
• Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) has various immunoregulatory effects and its measurement is widely used for monitoring immune response in many clinical trials for cancer vaccines [32].

References