Disease relevance of Sea Urchins

• Estradiol and estrogenic EDCs all cause developmental toxicity in sea urchins through a TAM-sensitive but an ICI-insensitive mechanism [1].
• Facultatively anaerobic bacteria, capable of fixing N2 anaerobically or at low O2 concentrations, were isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of temperate (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) and tropical (Tripneustes ventricosus) sea urchins [2].
• Genotoxicity and teratogenicity of diphenyl and diphenyl ether: a study of sea urchins, yeast, and Salmonella typhimurium [3].

High impact information on Sea Urchins

• For example, in sea urchins long-range Ca2+-regulated transport of exocytotic vesicles requires a microtubule-based motor, whereas an actin-based motor is used for short-range transport [4].
• Homeobox genes have been found in many animal species, including sea urchins, nematodes, frogs, mice and humans [5].
• Recent identification of a C3-like gene in sea urchins revealed the presence of a complement system in invertebrates [6].
• Anandamide (arachidonylethanolamide), a brain cannabinoid receptor agonist, reduces sperm fertilizing capacity in sea urchins by inhibiting the acrosome reaction [7].
• Highly homologous SRCR domains (one, three, or four per polypeptide chain) are found in diverse secreted and cell-surface proteins from humans (e.g., CD5, complement factor I), mice (Ly-1), and sea urchins (speract receptor) [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Sea Urchins

• Toxicity of cadmium-copper-nickel-zinc mixtures to larval purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) [9].

Biological context of Sea Urchins

• These results suggest that in sea urchins, cyclin D and cdk4 are required for normal development and perhaps the patterning of the developing embryo, but may not be directly involved in regulating entry into the cell cycle [10].
• Conserved pattern of embryonic actin gene expression in several sea urchins and a sand dollar [11].
• The major yolk protein in sea urchins is a transferrin-like, iron binding protein [12].
• The egg jelly coats of sea urchins contain sulfated fucans which bind to a sperm surface receptor glycoprotein to initiate the signal transduction events resulting in the sperm acrosome reaction [13].
• To analyze the temporal relationship of poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribosylation) signal with DNA replication and cell divisions, the effect of 3 aminobenzamide (3ABA), an inhibitor of the poly(ADP-ribose)synthetase, was determined in vivo during the first cleavage division of sea urchins [14].

Anatomical context of Sea Urchins

• In sea urchins both lamins A/C and lamin B, as detected with polyclonal antibodies, are lost after the blastula stage, although a different lamin A/C epitope emerges as recognized by a monoclonal antibody [15].
• Thus, in contrast to the case with C. elegans and sea urchins, canonical Notch signaling is not required in mammals for earliest cell fate specifications or for formation of the three germ layers [16].
• Previous studies have shown that tektin A, one of three integral filamentous protein components of outer doublet microtubules, is synthesized in sea urchins in an amount correlating to the length of embryonic cilia initially assembled or experimentally regenerated [17].
• Bindin is a sperm recognition protein that mediates species-specific gamete interactions in sea urchins [18].
• The purpose of the present study was to determine whether ANP, as egg-derived peptides from sea urchins, can act as a chemoattractant to human spermatozoa [19].

Associations of Sea Urchins with chemical compounds

• The sulfated polysaccharides from sea urchins have simple, well defined repeating structures, and each species represents a particular pattern of sulfate substitution [20].
• Absolute rates of protein synthesis in sea urchins with specific activity measurements of radioactive leucine and leucyl-tRNA [21].
• (1) Embryonic cells of sea urchins were made permeable by treating them with glycerol solution for the purpose of allowing penetration of macromolecules into the cell [22].
• Reaction product was also localized to the periphery of female pronuclei in eggs of all three sea urchins [23].
• Effect of 3'-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin) on the early development of the sand dollar, Dendraster excentricus [24].

Gene context of Sea Urchins

• Until recently, the microtubule-associated protein, EMAP, was identified only in echinoderms such as sea urchin, starfish and sand dollar [25].
• NCKX-related genes have also been identified in lower animals including fruit flies, worms and sea urchins [26].
• Finally, our biochemical analysis shows that the protein associates with rab3 in high molecular weight complexes, suggesting that the exocytotic machinery functions as a multi-protein subunit to mediate regulated secretion in sea urchins [27].
• As in sea urchins and vertebrates, these domains of AmphiNotch expression overlap with those of several Wnt genes and brachyury [28].
• Here we describe a new family of eukaryotic HTH proteins, the Pipsqueak (Psq) family, which includes proteins from fungi, sea urchins, nematodes, insects, and vertebrates [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Sea Urchins

• Microinjection of the monoclonal anti-tubulin antibody YL1/2 inhibits cleavage of sand dollar eggs [30].
• Immunoblotting using polyclonal antibodies (pAb) raised against an FR-1 receptor (FR-1R), a 57 kDa Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS)-binding protein, of the sand dollar Clypeaster japonicus showed that the pAb monospecifically bound to the protein [31].
• The present immunocytochemical study utilizes serotonin and SALMFamide antisera, together with confocal laser scanning microscopy, to provide new information about the development of the nervous system in the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) [32].
• Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and molecular simulation studies of traces of chemical elements such as Mg, Si, and OH in the hydroxylapatite (CaHAP) crystal structure obtained from the sand dollar were carried out [33].

References