Disease relevance of C05658

• A furan fatty acid and indoxyl sulfate are the putative inhibitors of thyroxine hepatocyte transport in uremia [1].
• Using our newly developed ion-pairing reversed-phase liquid-chromatographic method for assay of indoxyl sulfate, we measured its concentration in plasma of normal subjects and patients in various degrees of renal failure [2].
• We used three methods to examine the ability of indoxyl sulfate to alter mesangial cell redox as a possible mechanism for its toxicity [3].
• Indoxyl sulfate is a protein metabolite that is concentrated in the serum of patients with chronic renal insufficiency [3].
• In all, 413 colonies were tested from the indoxyl-supplemented media, yielding 93.3% confirmation, as E. coli [4].

High impact information on C05658

• We studied the effects of 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furan-propanoic acid (CMPF), indoxyl sulfate, and hippuric acid on iodide production by rat hepatocytes in primary cultures [1].
• Indoxyl sulfate induces complex redox alterations in mesangial cells [3].
• Indoxyl sulfate increases mesangial cell reduction rate in a concentration-dependent manner as demonstrated by redox microphysiometry [3].
• Indoxyl sulfate stimulates proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells [5].
• Both antioxidant and NF-kappaB inhibitors dose dependently inhibited the activation of PAI-1 promoter by indoxyl sulfate [6].

Chemical compound and disease context of C05658

• The ability of albumin to bind drugs and other lipophilic organic acids is decreased in chronic renal failure by the accumulation of albumin-bound uraemic toxins such as hippuric acid, indoxyl sulphate and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) [7].
• Comparison of three rapid methods, tributyrine, 4-methylumbelliferyl butyrate, and indoxyl acetate, for rapid identification of Moraxella catarrhalis [8].
• The two additional Helicobacter species were similar to H. pametensis except that they were urease positive, hydrolyzed indoxyl acetate, and were resistant to cephalothin [9].
• Although plasma hippurate and indoxyl sulfate concentrations were elevated markedly in patients with renal failure, inhibition of salicylate binding was significantly correlated only with the concentration of indoxyl sulfate [10].
• The activities of alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, non-specific esterase, indoxyl esterase and acid phosphatase were studied histochemically in macrophages in cultures and in tissue sections of primary tumours and metastases of Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) [11].

Biological context of C05658

• After hydrolysis of the phosphate group by the alkaline phosphatase the indoxyl moieties reduce tetrazolium salts to nearly insoluble and nondiffusible formazan precipitates [12].
• Further oxidation and dimerization of indoxyl leads to the formation of indigoid pigments [13].
• The deduced amino acid sequence of bec showed only weak similarities to short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenases, and the gene product catalyzed formation of indoxyl, a reactive preliminary stage for production of indigo [14].
• Notable elements of this synthesis include the first natural products application of the Smalley azido-enolate cyclization to form the 1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-one (indoxyl) core and installation of the pyrrolidine ring by a 2-azaallyllithium [3+2] cycloaddition with the acetylene equivalent phenyl vinyl sulfide [15].
• Protein-bound organic acids such as hippuric acid, indoxyl sulfate, and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (CMPF), are markedly accumulated in uremic plasma, and produce defective protein binding of drugs [16].

Anatomical context of C05658

• We demonstrated that indoxyl sulfate induces the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mesangial cells (EC50 = 550 microM) by using the ROS-sensitive fluorescent dye CM-DCF [3].
• Role of blood-brain barrier organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) in the efflux of indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin: its involvement in neurotransmitter metabolite clearance from the brain [17].
• Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that indoxyl sulphate was localized in the renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, especially of dilated tubules, and that AST-120 markedly reduced the tubular staining of indoxyl sulphate [18].
• Involvement of Indoxyl Sulfate in Renal and Central Nervous System Toxicities During Cisplatin-induced Acute Renal Failure [19].
• Indoxyl esterase and acid phosphatase were present in macrophages at the margin of the tumour only [11].

Associations of C05658 with other chemical compounds

• Current results indicate that this process involves the conversion of endogenous indole to indoxyl by the P450 [20].
• The organisms were catalase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, and nitrate negative but oxidase and indoxyl acetate positive [21].
• Among the organic anions examined, hippuric acid, para-hydroxyhippuric acid, ortho-hydroxyhippuric acid, indoxyl sulphate and indoleacetic acid showed a high affinity for hOAT1 expressed in the OK cells [22].
• Afterward, liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry, using the selected ion monitoring mode and internal standard (2-MeO-DIBOA, indoxyl-beta-D-glucoside, and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) quantification method was performed [23].
• Enzyme histochemical stains for alkaline and acid phosphatase, leucine, aminopeptidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and indoxyl and nonspecific esterase were positive in the areas of subcutaneous fat necrosis [24].

Gene context of C05658

• When indoxyl was incubated with SULT1A1*2, a human recombinant aryl SULT, an apparent Km value of 5.6 +/- 1.8 microM was obtained [25].
• Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against indoxyl sulfate, hOAT1, and hOAT3 [26].
• Attachment of an indoxyl residue rather than a PNP group to the maltoheptaoside did not affect the substrate response to pancreatic or salivary isoenzyme activity [27].
• All strains of N. brasiliensis, N. otitidiscavarium, and N. farcinica were positive for indoxyl phosphate, whereas strains of N. nova and N. asteroides sensu stricto were always negative [28].
• An oral sorbent reduces overload of indoxyl sulphate and gene expression of TGF-beta1 in uraemic rat kidneys [18].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of C05658

• Indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronide, the primary emitter of low-level chemiluminescence in plasma of hemodialysis patients [29].
• We quantified indoxyl sulfate in uremic serum by using internal-surface reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography [30].
• Chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay of prostate-specific antigen based on indoxyl phosphate substrate [31].
• Retention time of the purified sample on reversed-phase HPLC, measured by fluorescence, was also in accordance with that of indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronide [29].
• The indoxyl acetate disk method could be performed in 5 to 30 min, was easy to read and interpret, and should be useful as a routine diagnostic test for identification of Campylobacter spp [32].

References