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Chemical Compound Review

CHLORITE     chlorite

Synonyms: Chlorite ion, Chlorite(1-), AG-D-64681, CHEBI:17441, HMDB02077, ...
 
 
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Disease relevance of CHLORITE

  • OBJECTIVE: Since the chlorite-oxygen reaction product tetrachlorodecaoxygen (TCDO) anion complex promotes efficaciously tissue repair and has antibacterial activity, our aim was to determine the effects of TCDO on the replication of HIV and on the infectivity of free HIV particles [1].
  • Suppression of extablished Friend virus leukemia by statolon: potentiation of statolon's leukemosuppressive activity by chlorite-oxidized oxyamylose [2].
  • Assessment of maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity and teratogenic potential of sodium chlorite in Sprague-Dawley rats [3].
  • Treatment groups receiving ClO2, ClO2- or ClO3- showed alterations in erythrocyte morphology and osmotic fragility; at higher dosages mild hemolytic anemia occurred [4].
  • No deaths were caused by sodium chlorite in the drinking water, but the dams' body weight, water and food consumption decreased during all treatments except 0.1% in the drinking water [3].
 

Psychiatry related information on CHLORITE

  • Decreased dosage of acidified sodium chlorite reduces microbial contamination and maintains organoleptic qualities of ground beef products [5].
  • The amount of DBPs increased with reaction time, with chlorite ions as the primary inorganic by-product [6].
 

High impact information on CHLORITE

  • Immunoassays of milled dry wood were developed and used to show increased availability of antigen after hydrogen fluoride or cellulase treatment and decreased antigen after chlorite treatment [7].
  • Oocytes injected with crnA mRNA showed nitrate-, nitrite-, and chlorite-dependent currents [8].
  • A chlorite-derived chlorine atom is known to be retained by compound X and has been proposed to be located at the heme active site [9].
  • Silica, an agent predominantly toxic for macrophages, inoculated i.v. to Friend leukemia virus (FLV)-infected mice, blocks the FLV-leukemosuppressive effects of chlorite-oxidized oxyamylose (COAM)-statolon treatment [10].
  • 5. The pH optimum for enzymatic chlorination with chlorite compares favorably with the pH profile for the lifetime of Compound X (Kf/Kd) [11].
 

Chemical compound and disease context of CHLORITE

 

Biological context of CHLORITE

 

Anatomical context of CHLORITE

 

Associations of CHLORITE with other chemical compounds

  • We now show that a new spectral intermediate, which we have termed Compound X, can be detected as the initial product of the reaction of chlorite with horseradish peroxidase [11].
  • The iontophoretic current converted (through oxidation) chloride ions present in the solutions into CBSs such as free chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chlorite, monochloramine, and dichloramine (the last two were produced by iontophoresis only when nitrogenous substances were present in the solution) [23].
  • Reaction of horseradish peroxidase with chlorite leads to compound X with delta Fe = 0.07 mm/s and delta EQ = 1.53 mm/s, values that are closest to those of compound II [24].
  • Long-term in vivo carcinogenicity tests of potassium bromate, sodium hypochlorite, and sodium chlorite conducted in Japan [25].
  • The chlorite minerals exhibit certain well-defined X-ray diffraction characteristics which differentiate them from each other as well as from those of serpentine minerals, including the hazardous chrysotile asbestos [26].
 

Gene context of CHLORITE

  • Particles, containing minerals such as quartz, amphibole, chlorite, and epidote, induced a marked increase in IL-6 and IL-8 release [27].
  • Levels of methemoglobin are significantly greater and GSH levels significantly lower in the G6PD deficient cells than in normal cells after chlorite exposure [28].
  • Preliminary results indicate that the mouse strain with low G-6-PD activity is markedly more susceptible to sodium chlorite than mice of the high G-6-PD strain [29].
  • Under anaerobic conditions, strain CKB can dismutate chlorite into chloride and O2, and is only the second organism shown to be capable of this metabolism [30].
  • Chlorite postcolumn derivatization was used to oxidize PLP to a more fluorescent carboxylic acid form [31].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of CHLORITE

  • The heme group in Ideonella chlorite dismutase is readily reduced by dithionite, in contrast to the GR-1 enzyme, and redox titration gave a value of -21 mV for the midpoint potential at pH 7 [32].
  • No evidence of thyroid effects were detected in the serum of human volunteers who ingested approximately 1 mg/l. of ClO2 in drinking water as a result of routine use in the community water treatment process [18].
  • The chlorite product of horseradish peroxidase, compound X, is shown by magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy in the temperature range 1.6-50 K to have a very similar haem structure to compound II under the same conditions (pH 10.7) [33].
  • Clinical analysis of vitamin B(6): determination of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and 4-pyridoxic acid in human serum by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with chlorite postcolumn derivatization [31].
  • A user-friendly ion chromatography method in conjunction with a post-column reaction (PCR) achieves practical quantitation limits for the oxyhalides bromate and chlorite of 0.05 microg/l and 0.10 microg/l, respectively [34].

References

  1. Inactivation of HIV infectivity by the chlorite-oxygen reaction product tetrachlorodecaoxygen. Ennen, J., Werner, K., Kühne, F.W., Kurth, R. AIDS (1993) [Pubmed]
  2. Suppression of extablished Friend virus leukemia by statolon: potentiation of statolon's leukemosuppressive activity by chlorite-oxidized oxyamylose. Weislow, O.S., Wheelock, E.F. Infect. Immun. (1975) [Pubmed]
  3. Assessment of maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity and teratogenic potential of sodium chlorite in Sprague-Dawley rats. Couri, D., Miller, C.H., Bull, R.J., Delphia, J.M., Ammar, E.M. Environ. Health Perspect. (1982) [Pubmed]
  4. Toxicological effects of chlorine dioxide, chlorite and chlorate. Couri, D., Abdel-Rahman, M.S., Bull, R.J. Environ. Health Perspect. (1982) [Pubmed]
  5. Decreased dosage of acidified sodium chlorite reduces microbial contamination and maintains organoleptic qualities of ground beef products. Bosilevac, J.M., Shackelford, S.D., Fahle, R., Biela, T., Koohmaraie, M. J. Food Prot. (2004) [Pubmed]
  6. The formation of disinfection by-products in water treated with chlorine dioxide. Chang, C.Y., Hsieh, Y.H., Hsu, S.S., Hu, P.Y., Wang, K.H. Journal of hazardous materials. (2000) [Pubmed]
  7. Wood contains a cell-wall structural protein. Bao, W., O'Malley, D.M., Sederoff, R.R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1992) [Pubmed]
  8. A high affinity fungal nitrate carrier with two transport mechanisms. Zhou, J.J., Trueman, L.J., Boorer, K.J., Theodoulou, F.L., Forde, B.G., Miller, A.J. J. Biol. Chem. (2000) [Pubmed]
  9. Comparison of the heme structures of horseradish peroxidase compounds X and II by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Sitter, A.J., Reczek, C.M., Terner, J. J. Biol. Chem. (1986) [Pubmed]
  10. Use of silica to identify host mechanisms involved in suppression of established Friend virus leukemia. Wirth, J.J., Levy, M.H., Wheelock, E.F. J. Immunol. (1976) [Pubmed]
  11. Compound X. An intermediate in enzymatic halogenation. Chiang, R., Rand-Meir, T., Makino, R., Hager, L.P. J. Biol. Chem. (1976) [Pubmed]
  12. The effect of disinfection on viability and function of baboon red blood cells. Valeri, C.R., Ragno, G., MacGregor, H., Pivacek, L.E. Photochem. Photobiol. (1997) [Pubmed]
  13. Interference of chlorate and chlorite with nitrate reduction in resting cells of Paracoccus denitrificans. Kucera, I. Microbiology (Reading, Engl.) (2006) [Pubmed]
  14. Protection of mice against Babesia microti with cord factor, COAM, zymosan, glucan, Salmonella and Listeria. Clark, I.A. Parasite Immunol. (1979) [Pubmed]
  15. Germicidal activity of a chlorous acid-chlorine dioxide teat dip and a sodium chlorite teat dip during experimental challenge with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. Boddie, R.L., Nickerson, S.C., Adkinson, R.W. J. Dairy Sci. (1998) [Pubmed]
  16. Effectiveness of the sulfur(IV) compound, sodium bisulfite, in reducing chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and chlorite toxicity to Daphnia magna in well water and pond water. Yonkos, L.T., Fisher, D.J., Burton, D.T., Whitekettle, W.K., Peterille, J.C. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (2001) [Pubmed]
  17. Chlorine dioxide oxidation of guanosine 5'-monophosphate. Napolitano, M.J., Stewart, D.J., Margerum, D.W. Chem. Res. Toxicol. (2006) [Pubmed]
  18. Subchronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide and related compounds in drinking water in the nonhuman primate. Bercz, J.P., Jones, L., Garner, L., Murray, D., Ludwig, D.A., Boston, J. Environ. Health Perspect. (1982) [Pubmed]
  19. Sodium chlorite as an efficient oxidant and hydroxy ion pump in osmium-catalyzed asymmetric dihydroxylation. Junttila, M.H., Hormi, O.E. J. Org. Chem. (2004) [Pubmed]
  20. Sodium periodate, sodium chlorite, and organic hydroperoxides as hydroxylating agents in hepatic microsomal steroid hydroxylation reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P-450. Hrycay, E.G., Gustafsson, J.A., Ingelman-Sundberg, M., Ernster, L. FEBS Lett. (1975) [Pubmed]
  21. Sequencing and transcriptional analysis of the chlorite dismutase gene of Dechloromonas agitata and its use as a metabolic probe. Bender, K.S., O'Connor, S.M., Chakraborty, R., Coates, J.D., Achenbach, L.A. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (2002) [Pubmed]
  22. Glycoproteins from the cell wall of Phaseolus coccineus. O'Neill, M.A., Selvendran, R.R. Biochem. J. (1980) [Pubmed]
  23. Quantification, qualification, and microbial killing efficiencies of antimicrobial chlorine-based substances produced by iontophoresis. Davis, C.P., Shirtliff, M.E., Trieff, N.M., Hoskins, S.L., Warren, M.M. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1994) [Pubmed]
  24. Mössbauer and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of horseradish peroxidase and its catalytic intermediates. Schulz, C.E., Rutter, R., Sage, J.T., Debrunner, P.G., Hager, L.P. Biochemistry (1984) [Pubmed]
  25. Long-term in vivo carcinogenicity tests of potassium bromate, sodium hypochlorite, and sodium chlorite conducted in Japan. Kurokawa, Y., Takayama, S., Konishi, Y., Hiasa, Y., Asahina, S., Takahashi, M., Maekawa, A., Hayashi, Y. Environ. Health Perspect. (1986) [Pubmed]
  26. Identification of chlorite and serpentine in cosmetic or pharmaceutical talc. Blount, A.M., Vassiliou, A.H. Environ. Health Perspect. (1983) [Pubmed]
  27. Mineral and/or metal content as critical determinants of particle-induced release of IL-6 and IL-8 from A549 cells. Hetland, R.B., Refsnes, M., Myran, T., Johansen, B.V., Uthus, N., Schwarze, P.E. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A (2000) [Pubmed]
  28. Groups at potentially high risk from chlorine dioxide treated water. Moore, G.S., Calabrese, E.J., Ho, S.C. Journal of environmental pathology and toxicology. (1980) [Pubmed]
  29. Effects of environmental oxidant stressors on individuals with a G-6-PD deficiency with particular reference to an animal model. Calabrese, E.J., Moore, G., Brown, R. Environ. Health Perspect. (1979) [Pubmed]
  30. Reduction of (per)chlorate by a novel organism isolated from paper mill waste. Bruce, R.A., Achenbach, L.A., Coates, J.D. Environ. Microbiol. (1999) [Pubmed]
  31. Clinical analysis of vitamin B(6): determination of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and 4-pyridoxic acid in human serum by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with chlorite postcolumn derivatization. Rybak, M.E., Pfeiffer, C.M. Anal. Biochem. (2004) [Pubmed]
  32. Chlorite dismutase from Ideonella dechloratans. Stenklo, K., Thorell, H.D., Bergius, H., Aasa, R., Nilsson, T. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. (2001) [Pubmed]
  33. A comparison by magnetic circular dichroism of compound X and compound II of horseradish peroxidase. Foote, N., Gadsby, P.M., Field, R.A., Greenwood, C., Thomson, A.J. FEBS Lett. (1987) [Pubmed]
  34. Use of ion chromatography with post-column reaction for the measurement of tribromide to evaluate bromate levels in drinking water. Delcomyn, C.A., Weinberg, H.S., Singer, P.C. Journal of chromatography. A. (2001) [Pubmed]
 
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