Disease relevance of lead chloride

• Directed shift of fatty acids from phospholipids to triacylglycerols in HL-60 cells induced by nanomolar concentrations of triethyl lead chloride: involvement of a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway [1].
• Isolated cells were exposed to lead acetate or lead chloride for 24 h in the presence of either heat-killed Salmonella enteritidis (hk-SE) or monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD3, anti-CD28, anti-CD40) as cell activators [2].
• Mice were injected intravenously with lead chloride, 75 micrograms/g body weight [3].
• The impact of an industrial effluent containing high loads of calcium, cadmium, lead chloride and sulphate, on a river ecosystem was assessed using a combination of an effluent toxicity test, an ambient toxicity test and an ecological survey [4].
• The influence of triethyl lead chloride (TriEL) on the organization of neurofilaments in vivo was studied by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy employing mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2a) [5].

High impact information on lead chloride

• The in vivo effect of triethyl lead chloride (TriEL) (10(-6)-10(-8) M) on the organization of non-epithelial intermediate filaments (vimentin and desmin filaments) was studied by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy employing different mammalian cell lines [6].
• Changes in the organization of non-epithelial intermediate filaments induced by triethyl lead chloride [6].
• Interaction of triethyl lead chloride with microtubules in vitro and in mammalian cells [7].
• In the present study, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMphi) pretreated with lead chloride prior to stimulation with LPS were analyzed for their release of immune mediators [8].
• Lead transport at the blood-brain barrier has been studied by short (less than 1.5 min) vascular perfusion of one cerebral hemisphere of the rat with a buffered physiological salt solution at pH 7.4 without calcium, magnesium, or bicarbonate and containing 203 Pb-labelled lead chloride [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of lead chloride

• Intraperitoneal administration of lead acetate, lead carbonate, lead chloride, lead nitrate or lead oxide at 0.5 or 6 mg per kg per day on five consecutive days was found to produce diverging effects on delayed hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes in Balb/c mice according to the salt used [10].

Biological context of lead chloride

• Lactating rats were given distilled water or distilled water containing 0.067% lead chloride (500 ppm lead) as their sole source of drinking fluid from Days 1-21 of lactation [11].
• Random motility of cells was not markedly inhibited by triethyl lead chloride, whereas chemotaxis (directed cellular movement) was strongly inhibited [12].
• The interaction of triethyl lead chloride with the tubulin/microtubule system in vivo likely causes aneuploidy and is at least partly responsible for the cytotoxicity of the drug [12].
• Embryos from mice exposed to lead chloride (20 micrograms/gm body weight) by a single intravenous injection on day 8 of gestation were examined regarding the number and distribution of their primordial germ cells on 4 consecutive days of development [13].
• Orally administered lead chloride induces bias of mucosal immunity [14].

Anatomical context of lead chloride

• Lead chloride, at concentrations of 67 muM in the incubation media, inhibits the potassium-stimulated respiration (3 to 30mM increase in K+) of rat cerebral cortex slices [15].
• Human blood platelet aggregation and the formation of icosanoids were studied in response to triethyl lead chloride (Et3PbCl) [16].
• This experiment was performed to investigate changes in the thymus of Wistar-strain male rats administered cadmium chloride (CdCl2), mercuric chloride (HgCl2), and lead chloride (PbCl2) salts [17].
• An acute intoxication by lead chloride (conc. 2.5 - 10(-4)M) produces a temporary reduction of macromolecular syntheses in HeLa cells growing asynchronously [18].
• Chronic exposure of the HN9 mouse hippocampal cell line to lead chloride (10(-14) M to 10(-6) M) for 96 hours resulted in a 50% increase in the levels of the particulate form of the protein with a parallel decrease in the soluble form (A beta PP) [19].

Associations of lead chloride with other chemical compounds

• When glutathione S-transferase was purified by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-linked glutathione, incubated with lead chloride or lead acetate, a concentration-dependent inhibition of the enzymatic activity was observed reaching 50% inhibition at a lead salt concentration of 6000 microg/dl [20].
• Lead chloride modulated the macrophage cell surface growth signal-transduced, lipid second messenger prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), concomitant with cell differentiation [21].
• Female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with lead chloride (20 ppm or 200 ppm Pb) or sodium chloride (controls) in their drinking water [22].
• The effect of triethyl lead (TriEL) as triethyl lead chloride on the rhythmic peristaltic contractile activity of ileum isolated from Swiss white mice was investigated, with the aid of a tensiometer [23].
• To study the effect of contaminated rearing water of catfish (Clarias lazera) with lead acetate, lead chloride or aluminum chloride, 3 level of concentrations (10, 50 and 100 ppm) of each salt were added in the rearing water for 6 weeks [24].

Gene context of lead chloride

• By application of the antimicrotubular agents heavy water (90%), colchicine (10(-4) mol l-1) and triethyl lead chloride (20 micromoles l-1), the involvement of microtubules in these events was studied [25].
• Lead chloride was found to markedly stimulate sialyltransferase with an ED50 of 5 X 10(-7) M in adult Golgi fractions [26].
• The effects of triethyl lead chloride (TEL) on the expression of two detoxication enzyme families, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (QR) were determined in rat liver and kidney [27].
• Effect of triethyl lead chloride on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase [28].
• Inhibition of adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) by lead chloride (PbCl2) was studied in microsomal fractions or tissue homogenates of kidney, brain, and heart of several species, including humans [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of lead chloride

• The effects of triethyl lead chloride (TriEL) on the in vitro assembly and disassembly of microtubules (MTs) from porcine brain were studied by turbidometry at 350 nm and by electron microscopy [7].
• The effects of a single injection of triethyl lead chloride on the mouse brain was studied 1, 3, 5, 7 and 30 days postinjection using quantitative histological techniques [30].
• Rats treated with a single dose of triethyl lead chloride (TEL) by subcutaneous injection (7.9 mg/kg) showed a transient increase in latencies to lick the hind paw during hot-plate testing [31].
• Female mice were exposed to lead in utero by intravenous injection of lead chloride into the mothers at different stages of pregnancy [32].

References