Disease relevance of beta-D-Galactopyranoside,

• The gene is recovered from the treated mice by exposing mouse genomic DNA to in vitro packaging extracts and plating the rescued phage on agar plates containing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal) [1].
• Interaction of the lacZ beta-galactosidase of Escherichia coli with some beta-D-galactopyranoside competitive inhibitors [2].
• Characterization of acid beta-D-galactosidase from the adsorbed and unadsorbed enzyme fractions of mucolipidosis II and mucolipidosis III patients demonstrated identical apparent Km values of 0.22 mM with respect to 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactopyranoside, altered pH--activity profiles and heterogeneous isoelectric-focusing patterns [3].
• VM4 cells retained the malignant phenotype of MDAY-D2 and the cells expressed LacZ, which facilitated the counting of metastases as the tumour cells stained blue when incubated with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal) [4].
• Improved procedure of selective enrichment of Shigella in the presence of Escherichia coli by use of 4-chloro-2-cyclopentylphenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside [5].

High impact information on beta-D-Galactopyranoside,

• In contrast, in mice containing the lacZ gene targeted to the thrombomodulin locus, the 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactopyranoside reaction product was detected throughout the vascular tree [6].
• Moreover, two beta-galactosidase genes from P. furiosus have been cloned as possible phenotypic markers; one of these exhibits maximum activity at 95 degrees C with O-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside as substrate [7].
• The o-nitrophenyl beta-d-galactopyranoside assay revealed that regions containing amino acids 735-785 of HIF-1alpha and amino acids 669-952 of HDAC7 were minimum contact sites of the interaction [8].
• Tissue transfection was confirmed by either RT-PCR of vIL-10 or positive 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-d-galactopyranoside (X-Gal) staining. vIL-10 significantly decreased both leukocyte vein wall extravasation and area of Gd enhancement compared with those in controls, suggesting decreased inflammation [9].
• The Km value of released beta-galactosidase for o-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside hydrolysis was similar to that of membrane-bound beta-galactosidase in the fusion protein [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of beta-D-Galactopyranoside,

• Synthesis of allyl beta-D-galactopyranoside from lactose using Streptococcus thermophilus beta-D-galactosidase [11].
• A procedure involving the use of citrate-buffered lactose broth (pH 6.5) containing an analogue of a beta-galactoside (4-chloro-2-cyclopentylphenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside) has been developed for the enrichment of Shigella in competition with a 100-fold higher population of Escherichia coli [12].
• Disaccharide-peptide conjugates were obtained in yields of 30-50% from o-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside by employing beta-D-galactosidase from E. coli as catalyst [13].

Biological context of beta-D-Galactopyranoside,

• After a single dose of adenoviral vector, up to 90% of surface (73 +/- 16%, n = 7) and smooth muscle cells in multiple layers of the media showed transgene expression as evaluated by 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl beta-D-galactopyranoside histostaining without extralocal expression, as assessed by polymerase chain reaction [14].
• Competition assays, in which some selected glycopeptides and methyl beta-d-galactopyranoside competed for the binding site of immobilized RCA(120), showed that the glycopeptide-lectin interaction was carbohydrate-specific [15].
• RBEZ-FGF cells survived following implantation to neonatal and adult rat caudate-putamen for at least 21 days based on 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal) histochemistry, and FGF-1 gene expression by these cells in vivo was demonstrated by in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase-PCR [16].
• The in vitro transformation of NIH 3T3 cells was monitored by a standard cloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assay (pRSV CAT plasmid) and by detection of beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) expression using 4-methylumbeliferril beta-D-galactopyranoside as a substrate (p beta-Gal plasmid) [17].
• Galactose with C9 spacer, 8-(hydrazinocarbonyl)octyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (3), was synthesized by glycosylation of C9 spacer, methyl 9-hydroxynonanoate, with acetobromogalactose, followed by deacetylation and hydrazidation [18].

Anatomical context of beta-D-Galactopyranoside,

• 4. The variation of V and V/Km with pL is sigmoid for hydrolysis of 3,4-dinitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside by Mg2(+)-enzyme, with pK values showing small shifts, from 8.78 +/- 0.09 to 8.65 +/- 0.08 and from 8.7 +/- 0.1 to 8.9 +/- 0.1 respectively [19].
• [60]Fullerenols without the mannosyl linkage caused aggregation of erythrocytes and binding to a beta-D-galactopyranoside specific lectin (RCA(120)) [20].
• AxCALacZ was transfected to porcine aortic endothelium cells (PAECs) under various multiplicities of infection (MOI) to determine the efficiency of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer by 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta- D-galactopyranoside (X-gal) staining [21].
• Quenching of autofluorescence of BAL-derived alveolar macrophages was achieved with eta-octyl beta-D-galactopyranoside and crystal violet [22].

Associations of beta-D-Galactopyranoside, with other chemical compounds

• As a test case for application of this reagent, 6-aminohexyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (Gal-AH) was attached to the linking reagent and conjugated to BSA at various aldehyde-to-protein molar ratios ranging from 25 to 200 [23].
• It has two binding sites per molecule and has Ka values of 4.1 X 10(4) M-1 and 1.8 X 10(4) M-1 at 5 degrees C and 25 degrees C respectively for p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside with delta H degrees and delta S degrees values of --28.3 kJ mol-1 and --12.3J mol-1 K-1 respectively [24].
• The well-known beta-gal substrate analog, o-nitrophenyl beta-d-galactopyranoside, yields the visibly colored, o-nitrophenol product upon hydrolysis, whereas the substrate, p-aminophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside, gives rise to an electrooxidizable product, p-aminophenol [25].

Gene context of beta-D-Galactopyranoside,

• A qualitative histochemical assay, with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal) as a substrate, was used to detect expression of lacZ at several preimplantation stages [26].
• The acceptor-substrate specificity of a cloned alpha-(1-->2) fucosyltransferase has been explored using structural analogues of octyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (4) [27].
• Particularly efficient inhibitors were found against galectin-7, while less impressive enhancements of inhibitor affinity over methyl beta-D-galactopyranoside were found for galectin-1, -3, -8N and -9N [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of beta-D-Galactopyranoside,

• Histochemical staining with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal), a quantitative spectrophotometric assay, SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, and Northern analysis were used to evaluate beta-galactosidase expression in infected cells [29].
• Fluorescence-polarization studies on binding of 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactopyranoside to Ricinus communis (castor-bean) agglutinin [30].
• The transglycosylation activity of the beta-D-galactosidase in the reaction of AcGal and methyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (1) as substrates was investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and HPLC techniques [31].

References