Disease relevance of citric acid

• Relapse rates in duodenal ulcer patients formerly treated with bismuth subcitrate or maintained with cimetidine [1].
• C pylori associated gastritis was found in all 28, and four weeks of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (240 mg twice daily) was prescribed [2].
• Acute renal failure after colloidal bismuth subcitrate overdose [3].
• Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on colloidal bismuth subcitrate concentration in gastric mucus [4].
• This study investigated the effect of colloidal bismuth subcitrate and cimetidine on Campylobacter pylori in peptic disease [5].

High impact information on citric acid

• Acute renal failure after overdose of colloidal bismuth subcitrate [6].
• Histological maturity of healed duodenal ulcers and ulcer recurrence after treatment with colloidal bismuth subcitrate or cimetidine [7].
• The bismuth salts, bismuth subcitrate and bismuth subsalicylate were found to inhibit faecal mucin sulphatase activity at concentrations achievable therapeutically [8].
• The administration of 50 mg/kg colloidal bismuth subcitrate for 14 days to 9 week old animals resulted in slight hypertrophy of the mucosal epithelial cells [9].
• A significant increase in the proliferation of the stem cell population was also observed after colloidal bismuth subcitrate administration [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of citric acid

• Basal and pentagastrin stimulated gastric secretion was measured in seven patients with duodenal, and six with gastric ulcers before and after four weeks' treatment with colloidal bismuth subcitrate (as De-Nol), one tablet four times a day [10].
• Pooling reports in the literature indicates that the 12-month relapse curves of duodenal ulcers initially healed with sucralfate and colloidal bismuth subcitrate closely overlap each other and are significantly lower than the curves of the histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists under comparison [11].
• BACKGROUND: We studied whether different initial bacterial densities of Helicobacter pylori would alter the eradication rate of H. pylori by triple therapy (amoxicillin 500 mg t.i.d. and metronidazole 500 mg t.i.d. for 14 days; bismuth subcitrate 120 mg t.i.d. for 28 days) in patients with duodenal ulcer bleeding [12].
• Those with more than two relapses within 1 year received triple therapy consisting of colloidal bismuth subcitrate, amoxicillin, and metronidazole [13].
• Sucralfate alone has also been shown to maintain peptic ulcers in remission when taken continuously for a long period of time, whereas successful short-term therapy with bismuth subcitrate is associated with a more prolonged remission of duodenal ulcer disease when compared to H2 blockers [14].

Biological context of citric acid

• Effect of colloidal bismuth subcitrate on symptoms and gastric histology in non-ulcer dyspepsia. A double blind placebo controlled study [15].
• Excretion and tissue distribution of bismuth were investigated in animals administered bismuth subcitrate by the intramuscular route for 70 d [16].
• The pharmacokinetics of bismuth subcitrate were studied in plasma and urine under conditions of single and multiple dosing (28-56 days) using atomic absorption technique [17].
• The belief that blood flow plays a central role in cytoprotection and there being no data available, at present, regarding the possible action of Colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS-DENOL) on the gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF), led us to investigate its influence on mucosal hemodynamics in the rat stomach [18].
• A novel means of comparing the bioequivalence of two formulations of tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (De-Noltab) [19].

Anatomical context of citric acid

• This double blind randomised study tested the effectiveness of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (De-Nol) in non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) and if any benefit is associated with clearance of Campylobacter pylori (C pylori) from the gastric mucosa [20].
• Uptake and subcellular localisation of bismuth in the gastrointestinal mucosa of rats after short term administration of colloidal bismuth subcitrate [21].
• The uptake and subcellular distribution of bismuth by the gastrointestinal tract of rats after 24 hours of colloidal bismuth subcitrate administration was studied [21].
• Similarly, in the anaesthetised rat, neither gastric acid nor duodenal alkali secretions were influenced by iv (12 mg/kg) or topical (120 mg/ml) administration of colloidal bismuth subcitrate [22].
• Subcellular fractionation studies of colloidal bismuth subcitrate treated duodenal enterocytes showed a brush border membrane and cytosolic localisation [21].

Associations of citric acid with other chemical compounds

• METHODS: All patients received a 2-wk course of colloidal bismuth subcitrate, amoxycillin, and metronidazole, and endoscopy was performed at 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 months after entry [23].
• Patients are sometimes seen with peptic ulceration which appears resistant to therapy with histamine H2-receptor antagonists, colloidal bismuth subcitrate, sucralfate or pirenzepine, either given as monotherapy for a prolonged period of time or as combination therapy [24].
• Comparable cure rates were also achieved using a combination of a proton-pump inhibitor or H2-receptor antagonist with bismuth subcitrate or tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate, metronidazole and tetracycline [25].
• CONCLUSIONS: Colloidal bismuth subcitrate, unlike bismuth subnitrate, is partially soluble, absorbed in humans, and directly toxic to H. pylori in vitro [26].
• METHODS: Thirty-three patients were randomized to receive either regimen OAC (20 mg omeprazole, 750 mg amoxicillin, and 250 mg clarithromycin) or BTC (240 mg bismuth subcitrate, 750 mg oxytetracycline, and 250 mg clarithromycin), all twice daily for 10 days [27].

Gene context of citric acid

• We compared colloidal bismuth subcitrate alone with CBS combined with one of four antibiotic regimens in the treatment of duodenal ulcers [28].
• Epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the gastroprotective and ulcer healing actions of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (De-Nol) in rats [29].
• Colloidal bismuth subcitrate inhibits peptic degradation of gastric mucus and epidermal growth factor in vitro [30].
• The effect of an antiulcer drug, colloidal bismuth subcitrate (De-Nol), on the proteolytic activity of pepsin toward gastric mucus and salivary epidermal growth factor was investigated [30].
• Furthermore, the mucus of the colloidal bismuth subcitrate group showed a marked increase in the proportion of the high molecular weight form of mucin [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of citric acid

• Treatment of established infections with colloidal bismuth subcitrate (DeNol) for 4 weeks resulted in clearance of all detectable bacteria but retention of some breath test activity [32].
• Administration of a single dose of colloidal bismuth subcitrate resulted in a rapid decrease in 14CO2 excretion, so this test can be used to confirm eradication of the bacterium in therapeutic trials without endoscopy, or need for culture [33].
• Bismuth was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to assess intramucus colloidal bismuth subcitrate concentrations [4].
• Colloidal bismuth subcitrate-based twice-a-day quadruple therapy as primary or salvage therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection [34].
• Sixty consecutive patients with endoscopically proven duodenal ulcers were given colloidal bismuth subcitrate tablets either as 120 mg q.d.s. or 240 mg b.d., in a randomized single-blind study [35].

References