Disease relevance of Monosialosyl tetraglycosyl ceramide

• Recognition of the oligosaccharide portion of ganglioside GM1 in membranes of target cells by the heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli is the crucial first step in its pathogenesis, as it is for the closely related cholera toxin [1].
• Vibrio cholerae, the agent of epidemic and endemic cholera, colonizes the small bowel and secretes a potent enterotoxin that consists of a single A subunit, which stimulates adenylate cyclase activity, and five identical B subunits which bind to the ganglioside GM1 receptor of intestinal mucosal cells [2].
• The use of the microspheres is demonstrated with a separation involving C-1300 neuroblastoma cells, 10% of which express the ganglioside GM1 in their membranes [3].
• For this purpose we cross-linked glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), Thy-1, influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), and the raft lipid ganglioside GM1 using antibodies and/or cholera toxin [4].
• Carbohydrate mimicry between human ganglioside GM1 and Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharide causes Guillain-Barre syndrome [5].

Psychiatry related information on Monosialosyl tetraglycosyl ceramide

• A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of ganglioside GM1 treatment for Alzheimer's disease [6].
• Ganglioside GM1 attenuates scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats and mice [7].

High impact information on Monosialosyl tetraglycosyl ceramide

• Ligand-induced redistribution of lymphocyte membrane ganglioside GM1 [8].
• Immunogold electron microscopy showed that ganglioside GM1-enriched caveolae associated with an annular plasmalemmal domain enriched in GPI-anchored proteins [9].
• Patches of cross-linked raft resident ganglioside GM1 colocalized with ULBP1, 2, 3, or MICA, but not CD45 [10].
• Here, we show that after T cell stimulation, CTLA-4 coclusters with the TCR and the lipid raft ganglioside GM1 within the IS [11].
• Coupling of antigen-containing particles to the pentameric binding subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) has been proposed as a means for increasing antigen uptake because the CTB receptor, ganglioside GM1, is a glycolipid present in apical membranes of all intestinal epithelial cells [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Monosialosyl tetraglycosyl ceramide

• Sublines established from the two subclones H7 and C4 commonly exhibited increased proliferation and invasion activity and reduced expression of ganglioside GM1, although they showed different preferences in their target organs of metastasis [13].
• The effect of cycloheximide and ganglioside GM1 on the viability of retinotectally projecting ganglion cells following ablation of the superior colliculus in neonatal rats [14].
• We investigated whether the ganglioside GM1 or the lazaroid tirilazad mesylate (U-74006F) could improve survival of grafts derived from cryopreserved VM in a rat model of Parkinson's disease [15].
• Characterization of 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine neurotoxicity in vitro and protective effects of ganglioside GM1: implications for Parkinson's disease [16].
• Involvement of the C-terminal tail of Arthrobacter ureafaciens sialidase isoenzyme M in cleavage of the internal sialic acid of ganglioside GM1 [17].

Biological context of Monosialosyl tetraglycosyl ceramide

• Other sialoglycosphingolipids with the carbohydrate structure belonging to ganglio-series oligosaccharide, ganglioside GM1 and a brain ganglioside mixture, had no effect on the cell differentiation, showing instead stimulatory actions on the growth of these cell lines [18].
• Partial localization of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules with detergent-resistant fractions isolated from Daudi-secreted exosomes was demonstrated by immunoblot and confirmed by electron microscopy colocalization of MHC class II molecules and ganglioside GM1 [19].
• Structural similarities between ganglioside GM1 and antigens of the P2 phenotype [20].
• The enzymatic hydrolysis of the ganglioside GM1 is catalyzed by beta-galactosidase, a water-soluble acid exohydrolase [21].
• The acidic glycosphingolipid, ganglioside GM1, which is the binding site for cholera toxin on many cell types, was identified by chemical and by flow cytometric analyses of mouse interleukin 3-dependent, bone marrow culture-derived mast cells (BMMC) [22].

Anatomical context of Monosialosyl tetraglycosyl ceramide

• It has previously been shown that the B subunit of cholera toxin, which binds solely to the plasma membrane ganglioside GM1, stimulates the proliferation of rat thymic lymphocytes (Spiegel, S., P. H. Fishman, and R. J. Weber, 1985, Science [Wash. DC], 230:1285-1287) [23].
• Disruption of the Raftlin gene in the DT40 B-cell line resulted in a marked reduction in the quantity of lipid raft components, including Lyn and ganglioside GM1, while overexpression of Raftlin increased the content of raft protein [24].
• In the present study we show that ganglioside GM1 does not directly activate this pathway in PC12 cells [25].
• Choleragen (cholera toxin) agglutinated erythrocytes and liposomes containing the toxin receptor, galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide (ganglioside GM1) [26].
• Ganglioside GM1 was isolated from the small intestinal mucosa of man, pig, and beef and amounted to 0.1, 2.0, and 43 nmol per g fresh weight, respectively [27].

Associations of Monosialosyl tetraglycosyl ceramide with other chemical compounds

• The ganglioside GM1 (Gal 1beta1, 3GalNAcbeta1, 4Gal-NeuAcalpha2, 3Galbeta1, 4Glc ceramide) was confined to the apical membrane as visualized by confocal microscopy after addition of fluorescent cholera toxin to filter grown cells [28].
• T-cell lines were found to have a high level of cholesterol and a low level of ganglioside GM1, a common marker for lipid rafts, whereas primary T cells have a much lower level of cholesterol and a very high amount of GM1 [29].
• The ganglioside GM1, a marker of rafts, was augmented in TCR-stimulated but not IL-7-stimulated T lymphocytes, and disruption of rafts inhibited gp120-induced signaling [30].
• Previously, asialo GM1 was considered the product of acid hydrolysis of the ganglioside GM1 [31].
• Lipid rafts isolated by detergent extraction and sucrose gradient fractionation from mast cells are enriched for the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked protein Thy-1, the ganglioside GM1, palmitoylated LAT, and cross-linked IgE receptors, FcepsilonRI [32].

Gene context of Monosialosyl tetraglycosyl ceramide

• In contrast, GPI-anchored proteins (CD59, CD48) and ganglioside GM1, both residing in the outer membrane leaflet, remained in the DRM fraction [33].
• Confocal microscopy showed that green fluorescent protein-tagged CFTR (GFP-CFTR) and the lipid raft marker ganglioside GM1 colocalized at sites of P. aeruginosa contact and internalization [34].
• Biochemical fractionation and confocal imaging of HIV-1 receptor distribution in live cells demonstrated that CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4 colocalized with raft-resident markers, ganglioside GM1, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored CD48 [35].
• After transfection in HEK293 cells, Hip partitions with the raft component ganglioside GM1 during density gradient centrifugation [36].
• Engagement of CD99 triggers the exocytic transport of ganglioside GM1 and the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Monosialosyl tetraglycosyl ceramide

• Circular dichroism studies demonstrated that the 22-mer was converted from a random to a helical structure by addition of ganglioside GM1 [38].
• To clarify the association between Campylobacter jejuni (Cj) infection and antibodies to ganglioside GM1 (anti-GM1) in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), we have carried out a prospective case-control study of 96 patients with GBS [39].
• The presence of ganglioside GM1 in the BMMC extract was demonstrated by its co-migration with ganglioside GM1 standard in thin layer chromatography and by the binding of peroxidase-labeled cholera toxin B subunit to both molecules [22].
• We also show by immunofluorescence that in unstimulated cells the EGF receptor is localized in non-caveolar lipid rafts containing the ganglioside GM1 and that patching of these rafts by cholera toxin B-chain causes co-patching of EGF receptors [40].
• Intracellular indirect immunofluorescence staining of permeabilized SMC demonstrated the absence of the more complex neutral glycosphingolipids lactosylceramide, globotriosylceramide, globotetraosylceramide, and globopentaosylceramide, the absence of ganglioside GM1, and the presence of ganglioside GM3 [41].

References