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PAH  -  phenylalanine hydroxylase

Canis lupus familiaris

 
 
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Disease relevance of PAH

 

High impact information on PAH

  • Arterial pressure and filtration fraction decreased (P less than 0.05), and plasma renin activity (PRA) increased (P less than 0.05) after the initial dose of SQ 14225; clearance of paraaminohippuric acid (PAH) and creatinine did not change significantly [3].
  • Ninety-second technetium-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid ( [99mTc]DTPA), 15-min [99mTc]DTPA, and 30-min iodine-131 orthoiodohippurate ( [131I]hippuran) time-activity curves were analyzed and correlated with reduction of renal blood flow as measured by electromagnetic flow probe and PAH clearance techniques [4].
  • Pinacidil 0.12-0.18 mg/kg i.v. caused a moderate reduction in mean arterial blood pressure (14-17 mmHg), a decrease in inulin and PAH clearances (50-65%), and sodium and water retention [5].
  • A slight, transient increase (P less than or equal to 0.05) was observed in creatinine clearance and in PAH clearance following antagonist infusion, suggesting a possible decrease in renal vascular resistance [6].
  • Cephaloridine was less effective than cefazolin in inhibiting PAH transport in BBMV [7].
 

Biological context of PAH

  • Like furosemide, ozolinone increased renal blood flow, slightly decreased glomerular filtration rate, depressed tubular chloride reabsorption more than sodium reabsorption, increased potassium excretion, lowered the pH of urine, decreased urinary osmolarity towards isotonicity and depressed tubular PAH secretion [8].
  • This resulted in net PAH secretion that demonstrated saturation kinetics with an apparent Michaelis-Menten constant of 754 microM by Lineweaver-Burk analysis [9].
  • This was followed by a 90-min period of reperfusion when diuresis, GFR, PAH clearance and sodium and potassium excretion were studied [10].
  • Addition of nitrous oxide produced no further changes in cardiac output and arterial blood pressure but did increase urine output, PAH, inulin and free water clearances and decreased urine osmolarity [11].
  • Arterial pressure, heart rate, and PAH clearance were unchanged in both groups of dogs during infusion of atrial natriuretic factor [12].
 

Anatomical context of PAH

  • Cefazolin inhibited transport of 50 microM PAH in both membranes and had no effect on transport of 50 microM NMN transport [7].
  • The cephalosporin antibiotics cephaloridine and cefazolin were examined for their effects on the transport of a prototype anion, [3H]p-aminohippurate (PAH) and a prototype cation, N1-[3H] methylnicotinamide (NMN) in basolateral membrane vesicles and brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) [7].
  • The unidirectional fluxes of 20, 100, 500, and 2,000 microM rho-aminohippurate (PAH) were measured under open- and short-circuit conditions in canine tracheal epithelium mounted as flat sheets in Ussing chambers [9].
  • Application of procaine 2% into the pericardium during SB caused a statistically significant depression of urine flow (-55%), of sodium (-64%) and potassium excretion (-42%), and of inulin (-21%) and PAH-clearance (-30%) [13].
  • In addition, it appears that the steady-state protein and PAH concentrations in the interstitial fluid of the outer cortex are more sensitive to solute washout during increased renal vein pressure than those of the inner cortex and outer medulla [14].
 

Associations of PAH with chemical compounds

  • Under identical conditions, cephaloridine, a zwitterion, inhibited PAH transport in both membranes and NMN transport in BBMV but not in basolateral membrane vesicles [7].
  • Intracellular concentrations of PAH were 0.4-1.2 times bath concentrations after pretreatment with indomethacin and amiloride and increased to 2.6-3.3 times bath concentrations after cAMP [9].
  • After stimulation of chloride secretion by mucosal cyclic adenosine 3',5' -cyclic monophosphate (cAMP 10(-3) M), there was a significant increase in the secretory flux of PAH and a significant decrease in the absorptive flux of PAH [9].
  • Volume expansion resulted in a significantly smaller absolute increase in FENa than in the preinjection control study (1.1 vs. 2.8%, p less than 0.005), while maximum tubular secretion of PAH (TmPAH) and reabsorption of glucose (Tm glucose) stayed constant following NTS; thus TmPAH/GFR and Tm glucose/GFR increased significantly [15].
  • Before POB infusion urine flow (V), urinary sodium and potassium excretion (UNa V, UKV) as well as clearance of inulin and PAH (GFR, CPAH) were similar in infused and contralateral kidneys in all groups studied [16].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of PAH

  • Within 10 to 28 days after release of obstruction by cutaneous ureterostomy, PAH and inulin clearance increased to 66 per cent after one week, to 50 per cent after two weeks, to 10 per cent after three weeks with no change after four weeks of obstruction [17].
  • After institution of CMV with a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 10 cm H2O a further, statistically significant decrease in urine flow (-42%) and sodium excretion (-70%) and of the inulin (-15%) and PAH-clearance (-38%) was observed [13].
  • After renal denervation PAH clearance was determined [18].
  • There were no demonstrable renal changes in volume, PAH clearance, creatinine clearance or electrolytes during the perfusion periods [19].
  • In mild ECV expansion indomethacin decreased the PAH clearance, and renal sodium and water excretion, and elevated urinary osmotic activity as compared to the control group [20].

References

  1. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and the action of vasopressin during extracellular volume expansion in the dog. Kövér, G., Szemerédi, K., Tost, H. Acta physiologica Hungarica. (1983) [Pubmed]
  2. Diuretic response to acute hypoxia in the conscious dog. Walker, B.R. Am. J. Physiol. (1982) [Pubmed]
  3. Effects of the oral converting enzyme inhibitor, SQ 14225, in a model of low cardiac output in dogs. Freeman, R.H., Davis, J.O., Williams, G.M., DeForrest, J.M., Seymour, A.A., Rowe, B.P. Circ. Res. (1979) [Pubmed]
  4. Technetium-99m DTPA renal flow studies in Goldblatt hypertension. Nally, J.V., Clarke, H.S., Windham, J.P., Grecos, G.P., Gross, M.L., Potvin, W.J. J. Nucl. Med. (1985) [Pubmed]
  5. Pinacidil--effects on function and perfusion of normal kidneys and renal xenografts. Dieperink, H., Kemp, E., Jørgensen, K.A., Starklint, H. J. Hypertens. (1983) [Pubmed]
  6. Systemic and renal hemodynamic responses to vascular blockade of vasopressin in conscious dogs with ascites. Vari, R.C., Freeman, R.H., Davis, J.O., Sweet, W.D. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1985) [Pubmed]
  7. Effect of cephaloridine on the transport of organic ions in dog kidney plasma membrane vesicles. Kasher, J.S., Holohan, P.D., Ross, C.R. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1983) [Pubmed]
  8. Effects of ozolinone, a diuretic active metabolite of etozoline, on renal function. I. Clearance studies in dogs. Greven, J., Heidenreich, O. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. (1978) [Pubmed]
  9. p-Aminohippurate transport in canine tracheal epithelium. Cloutier, M.M., Lesniak, K.M. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) [Pubmed]
  10. Lack of effect of antioxidant therapy during renal ischemia and reperfusion in dogs. Kónya, L., Bencsáth, P., Szénási, G., Fehér, J. Experientia (1993) [Pubmed]
  11. The effects of large doses of fentanyl and fentanyl with nitrous oxide on renal function in the dog. Biswai, A.V., Liu, W.S., Stanley, T.H., Bidwai, V., Loeser, E.A., Shaw, C.L. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal. (1976) [Pubmed]
  12. Renal response to atrial natriuretic factor in conscious dogs with caval constriction. Freeman, R.H., Davis, J.O., Vari, R.C. Am. J. Physiol. (1985) [Pubmed]
  13. Cardiac afferents and the renal response to positive pressure ventilation in the dog. Steinhoff, H.H., Samodelov, L.F., Trampisch, H.J., Falke, K.J. Intensive care medicine. (1986) [Pubmed]
  14. Changes in postglomerular hemodynamics alters the composition of canine renal lymph. Bell, R.D. Microcirculation, endothelium, and lymphatics. (1985) [Pubmed]
  15. Immediate effect of nephrotoxic serum on kidney function in the dog. Wagnild, J.P. Nephron (1977) [Pubmed]
  16. Supersensitivity of the renal tubule to catecholamines in the chronically denervated canine kidney. Szénási, G., Bencsáth, P., Takács, L. Pflugers Arch. (1986) [Pubmed]
  17. Renal function and (NA+ + K+)-ATPase in chronic unilateral hydronephrosis in dogs. Büttner, M., Brown, L., Wieland, W.F., Erdmann, E. J. Urol. (1986) [Pubmed]
  18. Excretory function after unilateral renal denervation and administration of propranolol to unanaesthetized dogs. Girchev, R., Toneva, Z., Natcheff, N. Acta physiologica Hungarica. (1989) [Pubmed]
  19. Direct renal effects of sodium acetate in the dog. Holbert, R.D., Pearson, J.E., Williams, R.L. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de thérapie. (1976) [Pubmed]
  20. Effect on renal sodium and water excretion of the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in extracellular volume expansion. Tost, H., Alföldi, S., Kövér, G. Acta physiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. (1980) [Pubmed]
 
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