Disease relevance of Renal Veins

• Thrombosis of the renal veins and vena cava. Occurrence in morbid obesity [1].
• The diagnostic usefulness of the timed intravenous pyelogram (IVP), isotopic renal flow study (renal flow), stimulated plasma renin activity (SPRA), saralasin infusion test, and renal vein renins (RVR) in detecting possible renal vascular hypertension was studied in relation to age [2].
• Inactive renin seems likely to be a form in which the enzyme is secreted since in a patient with renal-artery stenosis its concentration was greater in the renal-vein blood coming from the affected kidney [3].
• In 32 patients P-113 infusion reversibly reduced blood pressure, and almost all of these "P-113 responders" had elevated renal vein and/or peripheral PRA levels, together with evidence of renal ischemia [4].
• Hypotension increased the renal vein plasma concentrations of norepinephrine from 380 +/- 59 to 608 +/- 106 pg/ml (mean +/- SEM; P less than 0.01) and of PGE2 from 55 +/- 7 to 81 +/- 41 pg/ml (P less than 0.05) [5].

High impact information on Renal Veins

• In four of five patients renal-vein renin activity was greater in one or more host kidneys than in the transplant kidney (or kidneys) [6].
• 10 d after surgical placement of sampling catheters in the left renal vein and femoral artery and a nonobstructive infusion catheter in the left renal artery of dogs, systemic and renal glucose and glycerol kinetics were measured with peripheral infusions of [3-3H]glucose and [2-14C]glycerol [7].
• Renal vein norepinephrine efflux during RNS was disproportionately increased in NE-ARF (P less than 0.001) and was suppressed by saralasin + SQ29548 infusion (P less than 0.005) [8].
• Plasma 3,3'-T2 as well as 3'5'-T2 levels were higher in the renal vein as compared to arterial values, 1.49 +/- 0.42 vs. 1.39 +/- 0.45 ng/dl (P < 0.05) and 2.35 +/- 0.83 vs. 2.09 +/- 0.81 ng/dl (P < 0.05), respectively [9].
• The occurance of renal vein thrombosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and the nephrotic syndrome supports the evidence that the thrombosis is a complication rather than a cause of the nephrotic syndrome [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Renal Veins

• To determine the effect of unilateral renal artery stenosis, captopril, renal ischemia, and partial renal vein occlusion on renal blood flow and the extraction fraction of [131I]orthoiodohippurate, 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine, and [125I]iothalamate, we conducted a series of constant infusion studies in Sprague-Dawley rats [11].
• A total of 36 salt-depleted patients with suspected renovascular hypertension received intravenous hydralazine and 36 were subjected to the tourniquet test at the time of renal vein renin sampling [12].
• Seven patients with renovascular hypertension were studied prospectively to determine changes in renal vein renin profiles before and after mannitol prophylaxis [13].
• In each of eight patients treated with azathioprine and prednisolone there was pathological evidence of rejection and only two patients had thrombosis of the renal vein [14].
• We review the literature for this unusual complication of abdominal irradiation, and recommend that a 99mTc-DMSA renal scan, selective renal vein sampling for renin determinations, and renal arteriography be performed on any patient in whom hypertension develops following abdominal irradiation in childhood [15].

Biological context of Renal Veins

• A renal vein was catheterized from the femoral vein, and PHA-clearance was employed for the determination of effective renal blood flow [16].
• A 138% increase in renal norepinephrine overflow was observed during sodium restriction (from 112 to 267 ng/min, p less than 0.025), which was due to elevated renal vein norepinephrine (434 versus 290 pg/ml, p less than 0.01) because renal plasma flow and renal norepinephrine extraction were unaltered [17].
• In 7 of 14 kidneys, DNA studies showed either a higher S-phase fraction (five cases) or DNA aneuploidy (two cases) in tumour cells lying within the renal vein [18].
• Base production was monitored as bicarbonate released into the renal vein and urine; net base production was related to the renal handling of glutamine and ammonia as well as to renal oxygen consumption and pHi [19].
• Postjunctional alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor vasoconstrictor responses were evaluated in isolated segments of main renal artery, segmental renal artery, and renal vein from fetal (130-138 d of gestation; term 145 d), newborn (3-15 d age), and nonpregnant adult sheep [20].

Anatomical context of Renal Veins

• In 23 cirrhotic patients, plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine were determined in an artery, the azygos vein, the right renal vein and a hepatic vein before and after an oral 80-mg dose of propranolol [21].
• It was found that the venous blood from the small intestines flowed into the left renal vein and then emptied directly into the inferior vena cava [22].
• We measured ANP levels in the renal veins and aortas of 49 untreated hypertensive patients studied under standardized conditions immediately before renal angiography [23].
• A breath-hold inversion-recovery spiral sequence was used to measure T1 of blood in the infrarenal inferior vena cava and renal veins after intravenous administration of gadopentetate dimeglumine, and these data were used to calculate EF [24].
• During the phase of cellular rejection (3-5 days), TxB2 synthesis was selectively elevated in allografted renal cortex, renal artery, renal vein, and abdominal aorta in comparison with isografted tissues [25].

Associations of Renal Veins with chemical compounds

• Performed with a serum potassium measurement, this now reliable test is useful for primary screening and then, in conjunction with renal vein renin studies or an aldosterone profile, for diagnosis or exclusion of surgically curable renovascular or adrenocortical hypertensions [26].
• Left renal vein insulin concentration increased from 41 +/- 8 to 92 +/- 23 pmol/l (P < 0.05) in the insulin group, but there was no change in either arterial insulin, (approximately 50 pmol/l), glucose concentrations (approximately 5.4 mmol/l), or glucose appearance (approximately 18 mumol.kg-1.min-1) [7].
• Eleven of 12 patients with a depressor response to angiotensin II blockade had significant renovascular or renal disease, and nine of 10 had renal vein renin measurements that lateralized to the abnormal kidney [27].
• Comparison of the level of LA-PF4/beta TG antigen and of creatinine in aorta and in renal vein showed 25%-30% extraction of these compounds by the kidney [28].
• In dogs pretreated with indomethacin, blood from the right renal vein also showed vasoconstrictor activity [29].

Gene context of Renal Veins

• CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that catalase activity may correlate with the concentration of hypoxanthine in the graft renal vein and other mediators of oxidative stress [30].
• The same survival advantage was provided by a single low-volume Fas siRNA injection into the renal vein [31].
• To determine if diabetic patients demonstrate increased renal production of TGF-beta and endothelin, aortic, renal vein, and urinary levels of these factors were measured in 14 type II diabetic patients and 11 nondiabetic patients who were undergoing elective cardiac catheterization [32].
• The pig renal vein responds to B1 receptor agonists with concentration-dependent contraction which maintains a stable plateau and is prevented by selective B1 receptor antagonists such as Lys[Leu8]desArg9BK (pKB 6.7) [33].
• Gene expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in transplant kidneys complicated by renal vein thrombosis: a combined study by in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Renal Veins

• Since unilateral hypersecretion of renin with a completely normal contralateral kidney is rare in this group, abnormal renal-vein and peripheral renin values should be a prerequisite for advising nephrectomy, especially when the suspected kidney shows considerable excretory function [35].
• Phlebography of the inferior vena cava with selective study of the renal veins was performed in 43 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [36].
• All study subjects had their renal vein catheterized under fluoroscopy, and net renal glucose balance and renal glucose production and utilization rates were measured using a combination of arteriovenous concentration difference with stable isotope dilution technique [37].
• To characterize the role of the liver and kidney in the metabolic response to injury and infection, selective catheterization of the hepatic (42 veins) and renal veins (21 veins) was performed in 31 burn patients (mean burn size: 51% TBS), studied 4-129 days postinjury [38].
• These data support the usefulness and define the limitations of peripheral and renal vein renin measurements in selecting patients for treatment by renal angioplasty [39].

References