Disease relevance of Pericardium

• The pulmonary effects of pericardial effusion were studied in eight anesthetized dogs, with emphasis on lung mechanics, O2 exchange, and extravascular thermal lung volume (ETV) accumulation, while warm saline was instilled into the pericardium to elevate pericardial pressure [1].
• BACKGROUND: The creation of transmyocardial channels from the epicardium to the left ventricular cavity with the use of a CO2 laser is a modern approach in the treatment of patients with chronic ischemic cardiac disease [2].
• The present study contrasts the electrophysiological actions of flecainide in canine ventricular epicardium and endocardium and examines the characteristics of flecainide-induced arrhythmias in epicardial sheets of canine ventricle [3].
• Constrictive pericarditis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Demonstration of immunoglobulins in the pericardium [4].
• Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to investigate neural substrates responding to the acupuncture stimulation of Pericardium 6 (PC6, Neiguan), an acupoint relevant for the management of nausea including vestibular-related motion sickness [5].

Psychiatry related information on Pericardium

• CONCLUSION: Use of bovine pericardium as wrapping material for the hydroxyapatite implants has shown promising results with minimal extrusion rates providing an effective alternative for sclera, eliminating the potential risks of CJD [6].

High impact information on Pericardium

• FOG-2, a cofactor for GATA transcription factors, is essential for heart morphogenesis and development of coronary vessels from epicardium [7].
• In addition to expression in joint synovium and cartilage, CACP is expressed in non-skeletal tissues including liver and pericardium [8].
• Immunofluorescence staining of the pericardium showed plasma cell infiltration and immune deposit staining of pericardial vessels with IgG, IgM, IgA, or C3 [9].
• This study provides direct genetic evidence for essential roles for alpha4beta1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion in the migration of progenitor cells to form the epicardium, in addition to a previous finding that alpha4beta1 is essential for maintaining the epicardium (Yang, J.T., H. Rayburn, and R.O. Hynes. 1995. Development. 121:549-560) [10].
• Here, we analyze a series of tissue-restricted mutations of the RXRalpha gene in the cardiac neural crest, endothelial, and epicardial lineages, and we show that RXRalpha signaling in the epicardium is required for proper cardiac morphogenesis [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Pericardium

• Dobutamine increased torsion of both the epicardium [anterior 13.3(2.2) degrees, posterior 12.6(1.7) degrees, p < 0.05 for both] and the endocardium [anterior 24.6(2.3) degrees, posterior 16.5(2.1) degrees, p < 0.05 for both] [12].
• In eight animals, bradykinin release was greater in the endocardium than in the epicardium (14.4 +/- 2.8 vs. 7.3 +/- 1.7 ng/ml, P < 0.05) during 30 min of ischemia [13].
• Our results support the clinical use of injecting tetracycline into the pericardium (in addition to drainage) to cause cavity obliteration in patients with persistent pericardial effusion [14].
• We studied conduction delay encountered by premature impulses in epicardium and endocardium in both anterograde and retrograde directions during ischemia and reperfusion in eight control and in eight verapamil treated dogs [15].
• Ventricular fibrillation after accidental injection of bupivacaine into the pericardium [16].

Biological context of Pericardium

• Therefore, in acute cardiac dilatation the pericardium contributed significantly to the increased left ventricular diastolic pressure and to the fall during sodium nitroprusside infusion and appeared responsible for shifts in the diastolic pressure-segment length relation [17].
• Isoproterenol-induced abbreviation of action potential duration and effective refractory period is also shown to be more pronounced in epicardium than in endocardium; equimolar concentrations of acetylcholine completely antagonize the effects of isoproterenol in endocardium and epicardium [18].
• There were differences in regional blood flow; during coronary artery occlusion, nisoldipine increased blood flow significantly in the endocardium and epicardium of nonischemic and ischemic zones [19].
• Similarly, during maximal dilation elicited by intravenous papaverine (n = 8), myocardial blood flow was lower (p less than 0.05) and vascular resistance higher (p less than 0.05) in the postischemic as compared with the nonischemic endocardium; a directionally similar trend was observed in the epicardium [20].
• We find that interference with retinoic acid receptor function in the epicardium of transgenic embryos recapitulates the hypoplastic phenotype of RXRalpha deficient embryos [21].

Anatomical context of Pericardium

• Ouabain infusion increased the systolic shortening from -0.4 +/- 0.9% to 10.6 +/- 3.1% (p less than 0.001) in the epicardium and from -1.0 +/- 1.1% to 17.2 +/- 3.4% (p less than 0.001) in the endocardium [22].
• METHODS AND RESULTS: Between November 1986 and November 1993, 40 patients underwent mitral valve repair with artificial chordae using glutaraldehyde-tanned xenograft pericardium (GTXP) or polytetrafluoroethylene suture (PTFE) [23].
• Histologically there were PAS-positive macrophages in the pericardium, myocardium, and valves of each of these patients [24].
• In hematoxylin and eosin sections from the border of the infarct, capillaries supplied by the LAD (white) were either in areas of necrosis, in normal epicardium or, rarely, in normal tissue along the lateral boundary; those supplied by the LMCA (red) were almost always in normal regions [25].
• In situ hybridization localized early fetal m-irp expression to the pericardium of the heart, to the umbilicus and associated allantoic mesoderm, and to the ventral lateral mesenchyme tissue surrounding the umbilical vein in the fetus [26].

Associations of Pericardium with chemical compounds

• Bovine pericardium was 1) treated with 0.625% glutaraldehyde and stored in 4% formaldehyde, 2) treated with 99.5% glycerol, and 3) treated with 99.5% glycerol and stored in formaldehyde (0.25-4%) [27].
• In contrast, the local anesthetic lidocaine did not change notch size or plateau amplitude in epicardium or endocardium [28].
• Dogs with phenol painting on the epicardium and dogs in which latex was injected into a diagonal branch showed supersensitive shortening of ERP to infused norepinephrine at apical sites [29].
• In verapamil-treated dogs inosine and hypoxanthine levels increased to only 1.2 +/- 0.3 (epicardium) and 1.9 +/- 0.6 nmol X mg protein-1 (endocardium) (both NS compared with preocclusion values) [30].
• In epicardium, the effects of pinacidil were nonhomogeneous [31].

Gene context of Pericardium

• Capsulin is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor expressed in mesenchymal cells that encapsulate the epithelial primordia of internal organs, including the kidney and lung, as well as the epicardium, which gives rise to the coronary arteries [32].
• Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the MMP-9 was distributed within the perivascular area and under the epicardium of the atria [33].
• Using anti-Bves antibodies, we show expression in cells of the proepicardial organ, migrating epicardium, epicardial-derived mesenchyme, and smooth muscle of the developing intracardiac arterial system, including the coronary arteries [34].
• 5-Bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) and Ki67 positive cardiomyocytes were observed in the border area of the HGF-treated infarcted hearts. c-Met and c-kit positive cardiomyocytes were observed in the border area and epicardium [35].
• Raldh1 is coexpressed with Raldh2 in the early heart epicardium, and is later specifically expressed in developing heart valves [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Pericardium

• Although transmural left ventricular perfusion was not influenced by amrinone, coronary blood flow was redistributed in favour of the epicardium, as endo-epi blood flow ratio decreased from 0.95 +/- 0.03 to 0.82 +/- 0.03 (P less than 0.05) [37].
• Two-chain factor VIIa generated in the pericardium during surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass : relationship to increased thrombin generation and heparin concentration [38].
• A flexible 8F fiberglass instrument (Vantec, Baxter or Storz) and a rigid 110 degree 8F endoscope (Storz) were used for visualization of peri- and epicardium and for video documentation [39].
• A bicuspid mitral bioprosthesis was prepared by mounting glutaraldehyde-processed porcine pericardium onto commercially available Brownlee-Yates stents [40].
• RESULTS: In control animals (60 min total coronary artery occlusion (TCO) followed by 120 min reperfusion (Rep)) there were highly linear relations between IA and AR in the endocardium (r = 0.98, P < 0.01) and epicardium (r = 0.97, P < 0.01), which could be described by IAendo = 1.01 ARendo - 4.5 and by IAepi = 0.88ARepi - 3.6, respectively [41].

References