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CHK1  -  Chk1p

Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c

Synonyms: Checkpoint kinase 1, Serine/threonine-protein kinase CHK1, YBR1742, YBR274W
 
 
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Disease relevance of CHK1

 

High impact information on CHK1

  • The checkpoint kinase Chk1 is an important mediator of cell cycle arrest following DNA damage [3].
  • The secondary structure and side chain interactions stabilize the activation loop of Chk1 and enable kinase activity without phosphorylation of the catalytic domain [3].
  • The 1.7 A crystal structure of human cell cycle checkpoint kinase Chk1: implications for Chk1 regulation [3].
  • We show by mutagenesis that Chk1 functions redundantly with the kinase Cds1 at the replication checkpoint and that both kinases phosphorylate Cdc25 on the same sites, which include serine residues at positions 99, 192 and 359 [4].
  • Control of the DNA damage checkpoint by chk1 and rad53 protein kinases through distinct mechanisms [5].
 

Biological context of CHK1

 

Anatomical context of CHK1

  • The fact that such an effect remains detectable in cells synchronized with the microtubule inhibitor nocodazole prior to gamma irradiation implies the existence of a CHK1-dependent checkpoint in M phase [6].
  • Three other genes that are up regulated encode a cell surface protein (FLO1), a mannosyl transferase (MNN4-4), and a putative two-component histidine kinase (CHK1) that regulates cell wall biosynthesis in C. albicans [8].
  • On the basis of this tree topology, it is proposed that, at early stages of evolution, the eukaryotic cell cycle was not controlled by CDKs and that only a subset of extant kinases, notably the DNA damage checkpoint kinase Chk1p, were in place [9].
  • Moreover, we show that Chk1 activity is not appreciably altered during maturation, being maintained at basal levels, and that C-terminal truncation mutants of Chk1 have very high kinase activities, strong abilities to inhibit maturation, and altered subcellular localization in oocytes [10].
 

Associations of CHK1 with chemical compounds

  • Here we report that Chk1p has a role in the intra-S-phase checkpoint activated when yeast cells replicate their DNA in the presence of low concentrations of hydroxyurea (HU) [11].
  • The role of the Candida albicans histidine kinase [CHK1) gene in the regulation of cell wall mannan and glucan biosynthesis [12].
  • We have characterized and functionally determined the roles of both a histidine kinase protein (Chk1p) and a response regulator (Ssk1p) protein from Candida albicans [13].
  • Scc2 shares a motif with Chk1 (kinase checkpoint protein), that comprises part of the serine/threonine protein kinase motif, including the active-site residue [14].
  • Total alkali-soluble hexose from the cell wall of the chk1 mutant (strain CHK21) was significantly reduced [12].
 

Enzymatic interactions of CHK1

 

Regulatory relationships of CHK1

 

Other interactions of CHK1

  • Downstream checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Dun1 play no detectable role in either promoting degradation or inhibiting it [16].
  • Following the detection of DNA damage, the checkpoint signal is transduced via the Mec1 kinase, which in turn activates two kinases, Rad53 and Chk1 that act in parallel pathways to bring about the cell cycle arrest [17].
  • However, little was known about how Rad9 facilitates the activation of Chk1 [18].
  • Loss of Chk1 partially restored cell-growth parameters in tpp1 apn1 rad1 yeast, but at the same time exacerbated chromosome instability [19].
  • The new gene, CHK1, has a deduced amino acid sequence 90% identical to Pmk1 of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea and 59% identical to Fus3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae [2].

References

  1. Temporal expression of the Candida albicans genes CHK1 and CSSK1, adherence, and morphogenesis in a model of reconstituted human esophageal epithelial candidiasis. Li, D., Bernhardt, J., Calderone, R. Infect. Immun. (2002) [Pubmed]
  2. A mitogen-activated protein kinase of the corn leaf pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus is involved in conidiation, appressorium formation, and pathogenicity: diverse roles for mitogen-activated protein kinase homologs in foliar pathogens. Lev, S., Sharon, A., Hadar, R., Ma, H., Horwitz, B.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1999) [Pubmed]
  3. The 1.7 A crystal structure of human cell cycle checkpoint kinase Chk1: implications for Chk1 regulation. Chen, P., Luo, C., Deng, Y., Ryan, K., Register, J., Margosiak, S., Tempczyk-Russell, A., Nguyen, B., Myers, P., Lundgren, K., Kan, C.C., O'Connor, P.M. Cell (2000) [Pubmed]
  4. Replication checkpoint requires phosphorylation of the phosphatase Cdc25 by Cds1 or Chk1. Zeng, Y., Forbes, K.C., Wu, Z., Moreno, S., Piwnica-Worms, H., Enoch, T. Nature (1998) [Pubmed]
  5. Control of the DNA damage checkpoint by chk1 and rad53 protein kinases through distinct mechanisms. Sanchez, Y., Bachant, J., Wang, H., Hu, F., Liu, D., Tetzlaff, M., Elledge, S.J. Science (1999) [Pubmed]
  6. Characterization of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologue of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Chk1 involved in DNA-damage-induced M-phase arrest. Liu, Y., Vidanes, G., Lin, Y.C., Mori, S., Siede, W. Mol. Gen. Genet. (2000) [Pubmed]
  7. The DNA damage checkpoint and PKA pathways converge on APC substrates and Cdc20 to regulate mitotic progression. Searle, J.S., Schollaert, K.L., Wilkins, B.J., Sanchez, Y. Nat. Cell Biol. (2004) [Pubmed]
  8. Candida albicans response regulator gene SSK1 regulates a subset of genes whose functions are associated with cell wall biosynthesis and adaptation to oxidative stress. Chauhan, N., Inglis, D., Roman, E., Pla, J., Li, D., Calera, J.A., Calderone, R. Eukaryotic Cell (2003) [Pubmed]
  9. Evolution of eukaryotic cell cycle regulation: stepwise addition of regulatory kinases and late advent of the CDKs. Krylov, D.M., Nasmyth, K., Koonin, E.V. Curr. Biol. (2003) [Pubmed]
  10. Cytoplasmic occurrence of the Chk1/Cdc25 pathway and regulation of Chk1 in Xenopus oocytes. Oe, T., Nakajo, N., Katsuragi, Y., Okazaki, K., Sagata, N. Dev. Biol. (2001) [Pubmed]
  11. A role for Saccharomyces cerevisiae Chk1p in the response to replication blocks. Schollaert, K.L., Poisson, J.M., Searle, J.S., Schwanekamp, J.A., Tomlinson, C.R., Sanchez, Y. Mol. Biol. Cell (2004) [Pubmed]
  12. The role of the Candida albicans histidine kinase [CHK1) gene in the regulation of cell wall mannan and glucan biosynthesis. Kruppa, M., Goins, T., Cutler, J.E., Lowman, D., Williams, D., Chauhan, N., Menon, V., Singh, P., Li, D., Calderone, R. FEMS Yeast Res. (2003) [Pubmed]
  13. Histidine kinase, two-component signal transduction proteins of Candida albicans and the pathogenesis of candidosis. Calera, J.A., Calderone, R. Mycoses (1999) [Pubmed]
  14. The cohesin complex: sequence homologies, interaction networks and shared motifs. Jones, S., Sgouros, J. Genome Biol. (2001) [Pubmed]
  15. Pds1 phosphorylation in response to DNA damage is essential for its DNA damage checkpoint function. Wang, H., Liu, D., Wang, Y., Qin, J., Elledge, S.J. Genes Dev. (2001) [Pubmed]
  16. Mec1 and Rad53 inhibit formation of single-stranded DNA at telomeres of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc13-1 mutants. Jia, X., Weinert, T., Lydall, D. Genetics (2004) [Pubmed]
  17. Two distinct pathways for inhibiting pds1 ubiquitination in response to DNA damage. Agarwal, R., Tang, Z., Yu, H., Cohen-Fix, O. J. Biol. Chem. (2003) [Pubmed]
  18. A domain of Rad9 specifically required for activation of Chk1 in budding yeast. Blankley, R.T., Lydall, D. J. Cell. Sci. (2004) [Pubmed]
  19. Abrogation of the Chk1-Pds1 checkpoint leads to tolerance of persistent single-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Karumbati, A.S., Wilson, T.E. Genetics (2005) [Pubmed]
 
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