Disease relevance of Anaphase

• The second modification involved destruction of the cyclin at about the time of white spot appearance, just as would have occurred at the metaphase/anaphase transition in the natural environment of a cleaving sea urchin embryo [1].

Psychiatry related information on Anaphase

• We have used a peptide antibody raised against a 10-amino acid portion common to the kinesin superfamily motor domain to look for kinesin-like motor activity during anaphase B of mitosis [2].

High impact information on Anaphase

• Besides securin, Sgo1, a protein essential for protection of centromeric cohesion during anaphase I, is also destabilized in mnd2delta cells [3].
• Here, we show that CDK phosphorylation of the essential licensing factor Cdc6 stabilizes it by preventing its association with the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) [4].
• Our results provide the first direct evidence that SMC1beta acts as a chiasma binder in mammals, stabilizing sites of exchange until anaphase [5].
• Cdc14 phosphatase induces rDNA condensation and resolves cohesin-independent cohesion during budding yeast anaphase [6].
• Levels of both APC and CDX2 were significantly lower in the distal colon, which caused high anaphase bridge index (ABI) associated with a higher frequency of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at Apc [7].

Biological context of Anaphase

• CDC27Hs colocalizes with CDC16Hs to the centrosome and mitotic spindle and is essential for the metaphase to anaphase transition [8].
• Cells regulate anaphase entry by delaying securin ubiquitination until all chromosomes have attached to the mitotic spindle [9].
• This is especially true of the anaphase promoting complex (APC), the machine that triggers chromosome segregation and the exit of mitosis by targeting securin and mitotic cyclins for destruction [10].
• Chromatid segregation at anaphase requires the barren product, a novel chromosome-associated protein that interacts with Topoisomerase II [11].
• Unattached kinetochores are believed to release an activated form of Mad2 that inhibits APC/C-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis of components needed for anaphase onset [12].

Anatomical context of Anaphase

• ASH1 encodes a zinc finger protein whose preferential accumulation in daughter cell nuclei at the end of anaphase depends on She1p/Myo4p [13].
• In eukaryotic cells, sister DNA molecules remain physically connected from their production at S phase until their separation during anaphase [14].
• In cells whose microtubule cytoskeleton has been perturbed, anaphase spindle elongation often occurs entirely within the mother cell, and the post-anaphase nuclear migration checkpoint introduces a compensatory delay of cytokinesis until one pole of the anaphase nucleus enters the bud [15].
• We find that MEI-S332 localizes to the centromeres of prometaphase I chromosomes in oocytes, remaining there until it is delocalized at anaphase II [16].
• In contrast, when zygotes are arrested in mitosis using cyclin B Delta-90, anaphase occurs at the normal time, yet centrosomes do not reproduce [17].

Associations of Anaphase with chemical compounds

• Cleavage of cohesin by the CD clan protease separin triggers anaphase in yeast [18].
• Chromosome tangling and breakage at anaphase result from mutations in lodestar, a Drosophila gene encoding a putative nucleoside triphosphate-binding protein [19].
• The cysteine protease separase triggers anaphase onset by cleaving chromosome-bound cohesin [20].
• Depolymerization of spindle microtubules by nocodazole also reversibly blocked anaphase onset and the sustained Cai elevation, but did not block transients [21].
• Co-injection of EGTA or 1,2-bis-(2-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) with fura-2 in calcium-free medium, but not in calcium containing medium, blocked both anaphase and the sustained Cai elevation in almost all cases [21].

Gene context of Anaphase

• An ESP1/PDS1 complex regulates loss of sister chromatid cohesion at the metaphase to anaphase transition in yeast [22].
• We have identified a regulatory network, the FEAR (Cdc fourteen early anaphase release) network that promotes Cdc14 release from the nucleolus during early anaphase [23].
• From G1 through anaphase, RENT localizes to the nucleolus, and Cdc14 activity is inhibited by Net1 [24].
• Proteolysis of CLB2 is initiated in early anaphase, but a fraction of CLB2 remains stable until anaphase is complete [25].
• In late anaphase, Cdc14 dissociates from RENT, disperses throughout the cell in a Tem1-dependent manner, and ultimately triggers mitotic exit [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Anaphase

• We have studied microtubule behavior in late anaphase and telophase spindles of PtK1 cells, using fluoresceinated tubulin (DTAF-tubulin), microinjection, and laser microbeam photobleaching [26].
• Electron microscopy confirmed that kinetochore fibers in late anaphase cells were refractory to tubulin incorporation [27].
• Using stable isotope labeling and proteomics, we identified a novel PP1 binding protein, Repo-Man, which selectively recruits PP1gamma onto mitotic chromatin at anaphase and into the following interphase [28].
• Silver impregnation selectively stains an axial element of metaphase and anaphase chromatids; but we find that in earlier stages of mitosis, silver staining reveals an initially single, folded midline structure, which separates at prometaphase to form two chromatid axes [29].
• Thus, p130 in metaphase and anaphase cells was unable to be detected by immunofluorescence microscopy [30].

References