Disease relevance of Hyphae

• A series of chk1 deletion mutants has poorly developed aerial hyphae, autolysis, and no conidia [1].
• Assembly of the cell division protein FtsZ into ladder-like structures in the aerial hyphae of Streptomyces coelicolor [2].
• Using an established murine model of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) created by homologous recombinant disruption of the gene encoding the gp91phox component of the NADPH oxidase, in this study we examined cutaneous reactivity to sterile Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae [3].
• Strength of mid-logarithmic and stationary phase Saccharopolyspora erythraea hyphae during a batch fermentation in defined nitrate-limited medium [4].
• When examined microscopically with potassium hydroxide, the agents of these disorders resemble those of dermatophytosis, showing narrow, septate, branching hyphae [5].

High impact information on Hyphae

• Induction of specific proteins in hyphae of Achlya ambisexualis by the steroid hormone antheridiol [6].
• However, cph1/cph1 strains can still form hyphae in liquid culture and in response to serum [7].
• Expression of the two chaplin genes examined (chpE, chpH) depended on aerial hyphae formation but not sporulation, and egfp fusions showed their expression localized to aerial structures [8].
• Inactivation of the N. crassa chs-1 gene by repeat-induced point mutation produced slow-growing progeny that formed hyphae with morphologic abnormalities [9].
• Deletion of HEX1 in N. crassa eliminates Woronin bodies from the cytoplasm and results in hyphae that exhibit a cytoplasmic-bleeding phenotype in response to cell lysis [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Hyphae

• Occurrence of polysaccharide granules in sporulating hyphae of Streptomyces viridochromogenes [11].
• However, overexpression of amk gene in Streptomyces cinnamonensis showed no effect on methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity, monensin production and the hyphae morphology [12].
• Systemic fungal infections were classified as confirmed (histological confirmation or characteristic septate hyphae) or possible (antibiotic resistant fever which resolved following administration of intravenous amphotericin B, together with either typical radiographic lesions or massive oropharyngeal candidiasis) [13].
• Vesicle formation and acetylene reduction (nitrogenase activity) were observed when washed hyphae from cultures of Frankia sp. CpI1 were transferred to a nitrogen-free medium containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and succinate [14].
• Each MAb bound to A. flavus hyphae in formalin-fixed paraffin sections of a muscle biopsy from a confirmed human case of invasive aspergillosis [15].

Biological context of Hyphae

• However, unlike tup1 cells, nrg1 cells can form normal hyphae, generate chlamydospores at normal rates and grow at 42 degrees C. Transcript profiling of 2002 C.albicans genes reveals that CaNrg1 represses a subset of CaTup1-regulated genes, which includes known hypha-specific genes and other virulence factors [16].
• Production of SapB commences during aerial mycelium formation and depends on most of the genes known to be required for the morphogenesis of aerial hyphae [17].
• Similarly, tip-associated actin polarization in each hypha occurs before the events of the G(1)/S transition and persists throughout the cell cycle, whereas cell cycle-regulated actin assemblies come and go [18].
• The ability to normally process Sap2 and form hyphae was restored upon transformation of null mutants with a KEX2-containing plasmid [19].
• The correlation between protein synthesis and the nuclear division cycle in Neurospora crassa hyphae was studied by inhibiting protein accumulation by two different experimental procedures: (1) starvation for lysine in a lysine-requiring mutant (lys-1); and (2) addition of cycloheximide [20].

Anatomical context of Hyphae

• Under conditions that induce hyphae, both Cdc3p and Int1p localized to a ring distal to the junction of the mother cell and germ tube [21].
• Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing human N-cadherin endocytosed significantly more C. albicans hyphae than did CHO cells expressing either human VE-cadherin or no human cadherins [22].
• These data suggest that Saprolegnia hyphae have a plasma membrane which is strengthened by spectrin, and cytoplasm which is attached to the cell wall by integrin [23].
• We previously showed that unopsonized Candida albicans hyphae stimulated a delayed rise in the putative neutrophil second messengers Ca2+ and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and subsequent O2- release, as compared with opsonized hyphae or zymosan [24].
• In kidney, expression of the C3d receptor was found primarily on the cell walls of hyphae and pseudohyphae, although some staining was observed in the cytoplasm [25].

Associations of Hyphae with chemical compounds

• Nonfermentable substrates promote readily reversible yeastlike colonies from hypha cells: all the hypha cells spread on these substrates give rise to yeastlike colonies that revert to the mycelial phenotype when transferred to glucose medium [26].
• The SC3p hydrophobin of Schizophyllum commune is a small hydrophobic protein (100-101 amino acids with eight cysteine residues) that self-assembles at a water/air interface and coats aerial hyphae with an SDS-insoluble protein membrane, at the outer side highly hydrophobic and with a typical rodlet pattern [27].
• Levels of the transcripts in mature spores were equivalent to those found in hyphae grown in minimal medium containing nitrate [28].
• Such inhibition can be completely reversed by putrescine or spermidine, confirming the essentiality of polyamines for growth of fungal hyphae [29].
• The root hair elongative growth phase ("tip growth"), like that of other tip-growing systems such as pollen tubes, algal rhizoids, and fungal hyphae, is associated with an apex-high cytosolic free calcium ([Ca(2+)](c)) gradient generated by a local Ca(2+) influx at the tip [30].

Gene context of Hyphae

• Here, we examined the contribution of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR4, the adapter protein MyD88, and CD14 to signaling in response to the three forms of A. fumigatus encountered during human disease: resting conidia (RC), swollen conidia (SC), and hyphae (H) [31].
• Murine PMN constitutively expressed CD80 molecules on both the surface and intracellularly; however, in both murine and human PMN, CD80 expression was differentially modulated upon interaction with Candida yeasts or hyphae in vitro as well as in infected mice [32].
• TLR4-mediated proinflammatory signals are lost during germination of Candida blastoconidia into hyphae [33].
• Candida hyphae stimulated production of interleukin-10 through TLR2-dependent mechanisms [33].
• Involvement of CD14 and toll-like receptors in activation of human monocytes by Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Hyphae

• Immunofluorescence analysis showed prominent Smt3p SUMO localization at bud necks and sites of septum formation in hyphae similar to the septins [35].
• The morphological changes in the hyphae of Trichophyton mentagrophytes treated with Naftifine (0.01-0.5 micrograms/ml) were studied by light and electron microscopy [36].
• A multitherapeutic approach, including surgical evacuation of masses of hyphae, parenteral antimycotic chemotherapy and topical instillations of amphotericin B, were necessary to clear the kidneys [37].
• The finding of hyphae in the sputum of a systemic lupus erythematosus patient with a suggestive clinical picture should lead to bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung biopsy [38].
• The force transducer and tungsten filament were then moved at a fixed rate, the hypha were strained, and the force resisting motion recorded [4].

References