Disease relevance of Endothelium, Lymphatic

• Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infects endothelial cells within KS tumors, and these cells express the KSHV latent-cycle gene k-cyclin (kCYC) as well as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3), a marker for lymphatic endothelium [1].
• Affinity of the tested head and neck cancer cell lines to the lymphatic endothelium varied greatly, but adhesion of all cell lines was dependent on both the MR and CLEVER-1 [2].
• In order to investigate this issue, we examined 81 tissue specimens from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, using immunostaining for the specific lymphatic endothelium marker podoplanin, and assessed intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatic density [3].
• Expression of LYVE-1, a selective marker for lymphatic endothelium, was also positively correlated with COX-2 or VEGF-C expression in breast cancer tissues [4].
• RESULTS: ICAM-1 expression of lymphatic endothelium was negative in normal colon and positive in colon cancer respectively [5].

High impact information on Endothelium, Lymphatic

• Staining with markers specific for lymphatic endothelium demonstrated that VEGF-D induced the formation of lymphatics within tumors [6].
• Mannose receptor is a novel ligand for L-selectin and mediates lymphocyte binding to lymphatic endothelium [7].
• We also report that the tyrosine kinase receptor FLT-4, present on normal lymphatic endothelium, is robustly expressed in KS cells [8].
• Whereas little or no HGF-R expression was detected by lymphatic vessels of normal tissues, HGF-R was strongly expressed by regenerating lymphatic endothelium during tissue repair and by activated lymphatic vessels in inflamed skin [9].
• Within the vascular system, the mucin-type transmembrane glycoprotein T1alpha/podoplanin is predominantly expressed by lymphatic endothelium, and recent studies have shown that it is regulated by the lymphatic-specific homeobox gene Prox1 [10].

Biological context of Endothelium, Lymphatic

• By using mice with a reporter gene for nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity (kappaB-lacZ) in combination with immunohistochemical staining with a specific lymphatic marker (LYVE-1), we show, for the first time, that NF-kappaB is constitutively active in lymphatic endothelium in the urinary bladder, uterus, intestine, heart, and airways [11].
• During embryonic development, endoglin expression was gradually down-regulated on lymphatic endothelium whereas vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 was absent from lymphatics [12].

Anatomical context of Endothelium, Lymphatic

• Intriguingly, CLEVER-1 also mediated transmigration of leukocytes through cultured lymphatic endothelium under static conditions [13].
• Dendritic cells (DC) are migratory cells which exhibit complex trafficking properties in vivo, involving interaction with vascular and lymphatic endothelium and extracellular matrix (ECM) [14].
• We found that, in addition to lymphatic endothelium, podoplanin was also expressed by peritoneal mesothelial cells, osteocytes, glandular myoepithelial cells, ependymal cells, and by stromal reticular cells and follicular dendritic cells of lymphoid organs [15].
• However, expression of the constitutive ligands (CCL19 and CXCL12) was inappropriately high on both vascular and lymphatic endothelium, suggesting that the vascular to lymphatic chemokine gradient involved in lymphatic recirculation becomes subverted in the rheumatoid synovium [16].
• By immunostaining for podoplanin, specific for lymphatic endothelium, and CD34 antigen, we assessed lymphatic and blood vessel invasion in 120 tissue specimens of patients with neuroendocrine lung tumors [17].

Associations of Endothelium, Lymphatic with chemical compounds

• Enzyme histochemistry generally shows absence of adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in tumor cells; a pattern of enzymes similar to that found in normal lymphatic endothelium [18].
• Elevated formazan deposits were also found in lymphatic endothelium [19].
• We sought to establish the selectivity of D2-40 for lymphatic endothelium in normal tissues and compare its reactivity with the expression of the widely used vascular endothelial marker CD31 in a series of 62 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded vascular lesions including KS [20].
• The luminal aspect of the lymphatic endothelium was more extensively labeled, with the marker occurring in long discontinuous dense bands [21].
• Fine precipitates of the cerium-based reaction product for 5'-Nase activity were found to be associated with cell membranes of the lymphatic endothelium and pinocytotic vesicles [22].

Gene context of Endothelium, Lymphatic

• No ligand has been identified for Flt4, whose expression becomes restricted during development to the lymphatic endothelium [23].
• Recently, monoclonal antibodies against the human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor VEGFR-3 were shown to provide a specific antigenic marker for lymphatic endothelium in various normal tissues [24].
• Background: Lymphatic vascular endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) is a selective marker for lymphatic endothelium and a homolog of CD44, the hyaluronan (HA) receptor [25].
• Human D6 is a non-signaling seven-transmembrane receptor expressed on lymphatic endothelium interacting with most inflammatory CC-chemokines resulting in their rapid internalization [26].
• Placenta growth factor (PlGF) is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, comprising at least five cytokines specifically involved in the regulation of vascular and/or lymphatic endothelium differentiation [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Endothelium, Lymphatic

• Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies to two recently identified markers of lymphatic endothelium, namely, LYVE-1 and podoplanin, and to the lymphangiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C [28].
• Using an antibody staining podoplanin, a novel marker for lymphatic endothelium, lymphatic MVD in tissue samples of 85 patients with cervical cancer classification pT1b treated by radical hysterectomy was investigated [29].
• We recommend the assessment of thrombomodulin expression in the differential diagnosis of malignant vasoformative neoplasms and in the detection of lymphatic endothelium for evidence of tumour permeation [30].
• Localization of prostaglandin I2 synthase-like immunoreactivity (PGI2SI) in the lymphatic endothelium of rat liver was investigated by means of preembedding immunoelectron microscopy [31].

References