Disease relevance of cerium

• Induction in rats of paranasal sinus carcinomas with radioactive cerium chloride [1].
• Ischemia resulted in a stronger reaction, particularly on the sarcolemma as well as abluminal side of the endothelial cells; and upon reperfusion, cerium precipitate reaction at these sites was more intense [2].
• Apart from direct antiseptic effects, cerium helps to prevent postburn sepsis and systemic inflammatory response by fixing burn toxins [3].
• Analysis of hearts of patients dying from endomyocardial fibrosis showed a significantly greater concentration of cerium, a lanthanide present in leafy vegetables and root tubers, than in control hearts [4].
• The ultrastructure of lysosomes from megakaryocytes (MK) and platelets of cattle with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) was characterized using acid phosphatase histochemistry with beta-glycerophosphate as substrate and cerium as a capturing agent [5].

Psychiatry related information on cerium

• The continuous release of nitrate and ethanol ligands from the initial Ce4+ into the solution finally leads to a trivalent cerium species which is only coordinated with water molecules after about 1800 s of reaction time [6].
• The remaining calcium phosphate is converted completely by treatment with cerium citrate solution (conversion reaction) [7].
• Effects of acute exposure to cerium (citrate) on selected measures of activity, learning and social behavior of the mouse [8].
• Cerium tissue/organ distribution and alterations in open field and exploratory behavior following acute exposure of the mouse to cerium (citrate) [9].

High impact information on cerium

• A colloidal suspension of radioactive cerium stabilized in the form of hydroxide was inoculated into young Sprague-Dawley rats near the maxillary sinus [1].
• This technique verified the results obtained with the cerium reaction, i.e., the DAO is located in the cell surface and is internalized during phagocytosis and is capable of H2O2 production within the phagosome [10].
• Peroxide involvement was demonstrated by the inhibitory effect of catalase on cerium precipitation; the surface localization of the enzyme responsible was confirmed by using nonpenetrating inhibitors of enzymatic activity [11].
• As with cerium, formazan deposition on the surface of the cell was NADH dependent, cyanide insensitive, and stimulated by phagocytosis [11].
• When neutrophils were incubated with the basement membrane preparation in the presence of cerium chloride to detect H2O2, electron micrographs showed cerium perhydroxide deposits in the contact area between the cells and the basement membrane, but not on the remainder of the cell surface [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of cerium

• We report an application of cerium histochemistry (in which capture of OFRs by Ce atoms results in laser-reflectant cerium-perhydroxide precipitates) combined with reflectance confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to demonstrate the evolution of oxidative stress in taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) in rats [13].
• Streptococcus mitis ATCC 903 aggregated when suspended in salt solutions containing the ions zinc, aluminium, lanthanum and cerium [14].
• Clinical and bacteriological data are presented indicating that cerium nitrate-silver sulfadiazine cream is a highly efficient topical antiseptic agent for both major and minor burn wounds and that it has low toxicity [15].
• The antimicrobial activity of cerium nitrate and silver sulfadiazine was assessed in vitro and in vivo using Pseudomonas aeruginosa [16].
• Pretreatment with nafenopin and pregnenolone-16-alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) decreased the acute lethal toxicity in mice induced by cerium chloride (12 mg/kg resp. 15 mg/kg) [17].

Biological context of cerium

• While the inhibitory effects on calcium-dependent physiological processes (such as those involved in the blood clotting cascade as well as in neuronal and muscular functions) are well-known, their relevance for the pharmacological properties of cerium are less clear [3].
• Demonstration of secondary lysosomes in bovine megakaryocytes and platelets using acid phosphatase cytochemistry with cerium as a trapping agent [18].
• This study added a new example for selectively controlling different cerium compounds by manipulating the balance between kinetics and thermodynamics in a mixed solvent system [19].
• We then evaluated the production of reactive oxygen species in the lungs using fluorescent imaging and cerium deposition electron microscopic techniques and the incidence of apoptosis using the TdT-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method [20].
• The cerium-stimulated cell proliferation and free radical generation was neutralized by the inclusion of superoxide dismutase in the culture medium [21].

Anatomical context of cerium

• The reaction product of cerium perhydroxide was observed on the phagosomal membranes and on the areas of the plasma membrane engulfing the particles [22].
• Smoke dose-dependent deposition of cerium-containing reaction product was found on the cilia and the apical membranes; with low-dose smoke, the reaction product appeared as individual dots along the apical surface, but with greater amounts of smoke, heavy linear deposits of reaction product were found along the apical membranes [23].
• In normal hearts, extremely small amounts of cerium hydroperoxide precipitates were located on the endothelial cells [2].
• We confirmed that the leukocytes that produced H2O2 were neutrophil by an electron microscopic cerium technique [24].
• Quantitative ultracytochemical localization of H2O2-derived cerium perhydroxide reaction product revealed significant reductions in the medium number of cerium particle counts of the optic nerve head, sheath, and myelinated retrobulbar nerve [25].

Associations of cerium with other chemical compounds

• Well-crystalline CeO(2-x) nanotubes are synthesized via a mild hydrothermal reaction route using cerium nitrate and ammonium hydroxide as reactants [26].
• In BSG, neither trigonal [BO(3/2)] nor tetrahedral [BO(4/2)](-) boron units coordinate cerium; thus, Ce(3+) oxidation occurs even at Ce:Si = 1 x 10(-)(4), as in pure silica glass (SG) [27].
• To demonstrate H2O2, neutrophils pretreated with a stimulant for 10 min were washed and incubated in a cerium medium containing CeCl3 and glucose in a Tris-maleate buffer [28].
• The trivalent ions of lanthanides, lanthanum, and cerium completely inhibited the ATPase staining of Langerhans cells in vitro [29].
• The interactions of calcium, magnesium, and the rare earth cations, cerium, neodymium, and praseodymium, with phosphatidylcholines were studied by proton magnetic resonance and infared spectroscopy [30].

Gene context of cerium

• Cerium was found to increase the amount of hepatic and renal Cyp2a-4 and Cyp2a-5 mRNA only in the DBA/2 mice [31].
• Cerium-induced strain-dependent increase in Cyp2a-4/5 (cytochrome P4502a-4/5) expression in the liver and kidneys of inbred mice [31].
• These results suggest that IL-6 plays an important role in the induction of hepatic MT by cerium [32].
• Induction of hepatic metallothionein by trivalent cerium: role of interleukin 6 [32].
• Enhanced cerium chloride oxidation in response to metavanadate localized to the plasma membrane consistent with increased NADPH oxidase activity [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of cerium

• Cerium adatoms, deposited on a Ag(111) surface, are found by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy to self-assemble into large ordered hexagonal arrays covering macroscopically the entire surface [34].
• Experiments with a daily intake marker suggest that cerium was not satisfactory as a multiple marker in which neutron activation analysis was the method of determination [35].
• However, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis demonstrated numerous particulate deposits in the lung, of which the majority contained the rare earth metal cerium alone or in combination with other elements [36].
• Localization of cerium-based reaction products by scanning laser reflectance confocal microscopy [37].
• Electron microscopy showed massive destruction of the alveolar epithelium; using cerium chloride, a free radical reaction product was demonstrated at the alveolar surface [38].

References