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Hoffmann, R. A wiki for the life sciences where authorship matters. Nature Genetics (2008)
 
Chemical Compound Review

Magnesane     magnesium(+2) cation

Synonyms: Magnesium 2+, magnesium ion, MAGNESIUM(II), magnesium(2+), Magnesium ions, ...
 
 
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Disease relevance of MAGNESIUM

  • We establish that expression of the Mg(2+) transporter MgtA of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is controlled by its 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) [1].
  • We report a crystal structure of bacteriophage T7 primase that reveals its two domains and the presence of two Mg(2+) ions bound to the active site [2].
  • The mechanosensitive cation channel (MscCa) transduces membrane stretch into cation (Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)) flux across the cell membrane, and is implicated in cell-volume regulation, cell locomotion, muscle dystrophy and cardiac arrhythmias [3].
  • Mg(2+) ions produce a slight expansion of the capsid around the 5-fold axes [4].
  • We describe the CorA Mg(2+) transporter homologue from Thermotoga maritima in complex with 12 divalent cations at 3.7 A resolution [5].
 

Psychiatry related information on MAGNESIUM

  • Finally, mutations of residues in the second transmembrane segment, unlike those in the third transmembrane segment, revealed cooperative behavior for the influx of Mg(2+) [6].
  • Changes in the level of free Mg(2+) ions within the physiological range are shown to modulate motor activity by inhibiting ADP release [7].
  • Initial selective pressure was permissive, with a 30 min reaction time and 25 mM Mg(2+) [8].
  • The inability of liver cells, and possibly other tissues, to accumulate Mg(2+) can help explain the reduction in tissue Mg(2+) content following chronic alcohol consumption [9].
  • Mg(2+) led to a significant increase in slow wave sleep (16.5 +/- 20.4 min vs. 10.1 +/- 15.4 min, < or =0.05), delta power (47128.7 microV(2) +21417.7 microV(2) vs. 37862.1 microV(2) +/- 23241.7 microV(2), p < or =0.05) and sigma power (1923.0 microV(2) + 1111.3 microV(2) vs. 1541.0 microV(2) + 1134.5 microV(2), p< or =0.05 ) [10].
 

High impact information on MAGNESIUM

  • With the use of microfluorescent studies with an established mouse distal convoluted tubule (MDCT) cell line, it was shown that Mg(2+) uptake was concentration and voltage dependent [11].
  • The high-affinity receptor state requires both Mg(2+) and cholesterol, which probably function as allosteric modulators [12].
  • The distal tubule reabsorbs approximately 10% of the filtered Mg(2+), but this is 70-80% of that delivered from the loop of Henle [11].
  • Thus core RNAP is able to negatively modulate the sigma-initiated melting of the transcription start site and, by sensing the changes in temperature and Mg(2+) concentration, to regulate the efficiency of promoter -10 melting [13].
  • Overall, our results indicate that TRPM7 has a central role in Mg(2+) homeostasis as a Mg(2+) uptake pathway regulated through a functional coupling between its channel and kinase domains [14].
 

Chemical compound and disease context of MAGNESIUM

  • Block of the channel of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by external Mg(2+) (Mg(o)(2+)) has broad implications for the many physiological and pathological processes that depend on NMDA receptor activation [15].
  • The PmrAPmrB two-component system of Salmonella enterica can be activated independently by Fe(3+), which is sensed by the PmrB protein, and in low Mg(2+), which is sensed by the PhoQ protein [16].
  • Crystals of Escherichia coli EI were obtained by mixing the protein with Mg(2+) and PEP, followed by oxalate, an EI inhibitor [17].
  • The primase fragment of bacteriophage T7 gene 4 protein catalyzes the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides in the presence of ATP, CTP, Mg(2+) (or Mn(2+)), and DNA containing a primase recognition site [18].
  • Here, we describe the effects of Zn(2+) on complex I to define whether complex I may contribute to mediating the pathological effects of zinc in states such as ischemia and to determine how Zn(2+) can be used to probe the mechanism of complex I. Zn(2+) inhibits complex I more strongly than Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Ba(2+), and Mn(2+) to Cu(2+) or Cd(2+) [19].
 

Biological context of MAGNESIUM

  • This trans-splicing reaction has ATP, Mg(2+), and splice-site sequence requirements similar to those of cis-splicing reactions [20].
  • Here we show that mutant alleles of the MRS2 gene as well as overexpression of this gene both increase intramitochondrial Mg(2+) concentrations and compensate for splicing defects of group II introns in mit(-) mutants M1301 and B-loop [21].
  • One end of the nucleotide exchange factor is buried between the switch 1 and 2 regions of eEF1A and destroys the binding site for the Mg(2+) ion associated with the nucleotide [22].
  • The weakly bound Mg(2+) is stabilized in the active center in different modes depending on the type of reaction: during synthesis by the beta,gamma-phosphates of the incoming substrate; and during hydrolysis by the phosphates of a non-base-paired nucleoside triphosphate [23].
  • Mutagenesis, proteolytic cleavage, and transition metal-catalyzed oxidative cleavages are providing much evidence about residues involved in binding of Na(+), K(+), ATP, and Mg(2+) ions and changes accompanying E1-E2 or E1-P-E2-P conformational transitions [24].
 

Anatomical context of MAGNESIUM

  • This critical role of Mg(2+) concentrations for splicing is further documented by our observation that pre-mRNAs, accumulated in mitochondria isolated from mutants, efficiently undergo splicing in organello when these mitochondria are incubated in the presence of 10 mM external Mg(2+) (mit(-) M1301) and an ionophore (mrs2Delta) [21].
  • It has been shown to be an integral protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane, structurally and functionally related to the bacterial CorA Mg(2+) transporter [21].
  • While its structural and functional similarity to the bacterial Mg(2+) transport protein CorA suggested a role for Mrs2p in Mg(2+) influx into the organelle, other functions in cation homeostasis could not be excluded [25].
  • Using selection-amplification we previously found RNAs that bind stably and increase the ionic conductance of phospholipid membranes at high Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) concentrations [26].
  • By lowering the Mg(2+) concentration in solutions containing ribosomes the particles were found to dissociate into 30S and 50S subunits [27].
 

Associations of MAGNESIUM with other chemical compounds

  • Both Mn(2+) and Mg(2+) alone activate Ty1 RT cooperatively with Hill coefficients of 2, providing kinetic evidence for a dual divalent cation requirement at the RT active site [28].
  • Ectopic overexpression of AtMHX in transgenic tobacco plants render them sensitive to growth on media containing elevated levels of Mg(2+) or Zn(2+), but does not affect the total amounts of these minerals in shoots of the transgenic plants [29].
  • In gel filtration experiments, McrB(L) and McrB(S) form high molecular weight oligomers in the presence of Mg(2+) and GTP, GDP or GTP-gamma-S [30].
  • Unlike most serine/threonine kinases, the AtCBL-interacting kinase efficiently uses Mn(2)+ to Mg(2)+ as a cofactor and may function as a Mn(2)+ binding protein in the cell [31].
  • The pattern of top1mt expression matches the requirement for high mitochondrial activity in specific tissues. top1mt is a type IB topoisomerase that requires divalent metal (Ca(2+) or Mg(2+)) and alkaline pH for optimum activity [32].
 

Gene context of MAGNESIUM

  • Platelet adhesion to decorin was time dependent, required the presence of Mg(2+) ions, and was totally mediated by the protein core of the proteoglycan [33].
  • The binding required the presence of Mg(2+), implying that the sequence is a pause site for Ku70/80 translocation from a free end [34].
  • These Toprim domain residues have been implicated in binding a metal ion cofactor in topoisomerases and bacterial primases, supporting the idea that DNA cleavage by Spo11p is Mg(2+) dependent [35].
  • Our data are consistent with the known switch from NR2B to NR2A subunits during the first two postnatal weeks, but suggest a gradual incorporation of the NR2C subunit that modifies Mg(2+) sensitivity and only later influences EPSC kinetics [36].
  • Single-channel studies revealed that the ryanodine-modified wt RyR2 channel was sensitive to inhibition by Mg(2+) and to activation by caffeine and ATP [37].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of MAGNESIUM

References

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  7. Changes in Mg2+ ion concentration and heavy chain phosphorylation regulate the motor activity of a class I myosin. Fujita-Becker, S., Dürrwang, U., Erent, M., Clark, R.J., Geeves, M.A., Manstein, D.J. J. Biol. Chem. (2005) [Pubmed]
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  9. Chronic EtOH administration alters liver Mg2+ homeostasis. Young, A., Cefaratti, C., Romani, A. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. (2003) [Pubmed]
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  17. Structure of phosphorylated enzyme I, the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system sugar translocation signal protein. Teplyakov, A., Lim, K., Zhu, P.P., Kapadia, G., Chen, C.C., Schwartz, J., Howard, A., Reddy, P.T., Peterkofsky, A., Herzberg, O. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2006) [Pubmed]
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  19. The Inhibition of Mitochondrial Complex I (NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase) by Zn2+. Sharpley, M.S., Hirst, J. J. Biol. Chem. (2006) [Pubmed]
  20. Characterization of U4 and U6 interactions with the 5' splice site using a S. cerevisiae in vitro trans-splicing system. Johnson, T.L., Abelson, J. Genes Dev. (2001) [Pubmed]
  21. Mitochondrial Mg(2+) homeostasis is critical for group II intron splicing in vivo. Gregan, J., Kolisek, M., Schweyen, R.J. Genes Dev. (2001) [Pubmed]
  22. Structural basis for nucleotide exchange and competition with tRNA in the yeast elongation factor complex eEF1A:eEF1Balpha. Andersen, G.R., Pedersen, L., Valente, L., Chatterjee, I., Kinzy, T.G., Kjeldgaard, M., Nyborg, J. Mol. Cell (2000) [Pubmed]
  23. Unified two-metal mechanism of RNA synthesis and degradation by RNA polymerase. Sosunov, V., Sosunova, E., Mustaev, A., Bass, I., Nikiforov, V., Goldfarb, A. EMBO J. (2003) [Pubmed]
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  30. The McrBC restriction endonuclease assembles into a ring structure in the presence of G nucleotides. Panne, D., Müller, S.A., Wirtz, S., Engel, A., Bickle, T.A. EMBO J. (2001) [Pubmed]
  31. Novel protein kinases associated with calcineurin B-like calcium sensors in Arabidopsis. Shi, J., Kim, K.N., Ritz, O., Albrecht, V., Gupta, R., Harter, K., Luan, S., Kudla, J. Plant Cell (1999) [Pubmed]
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