Disease relevance of Biliary Tract

• Mutations in JAG1, encoding a Notch ligand, cause the Alagille syndrome in humans, characterized by poor development of the biliary system, suggesting that the Notch pathway is also involved in normal biliary development [1].
• We used isogenic reovirus strains T3SA- and T3SA+, which differ solely in the capacity to bind sialic acid as a coreceptor, to define the role of sialic acid in reovirus encephalitis and biliary tract infection in mice [2].
• Obstruction of the biliary tree by large amounts of mucinous material is reported in a patient with a mucin-producing cystic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas invading the common bile duct [3].
• Finally, immunohistochemistry in human liver samples uniformly demonstrated de novo expression of iNOS and the presence of 3-nitrotyrosine and 8-oxodG formation in the biliary epithelia of 30 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (a premalignant disease of the biliary tract) compared with controls [4].
• CONCLUSIONS: We observed the existence of an autocrine loop based on serotonin that limits the growth of the biliary tree in the course of chronic cholestasis [5].

Psychiatry related information on Biliary Tract

• These results confirm the antispastic synchronizing effect of tiropramide on the motor activity of the gall bladder and the sphincter of Oddi and indicate that it should be the drug of choice for treatment of motor disorders of the biliary tract [6].

High impact information on Biliary Tract

• Cysts also appear in the intrahepatic biliary tree in ADPKD [7].
• Conversion of biliary system to pancreatic tissue in Hes1-deficient mice [1].
• The biliary system, pancreas and liver all develop from the nearby foregut at almost the same time in mammals [1].
• If GSU does not demonstrate a dilated biliary system, TNC is unnecessary, and other diagnostic studies should be undertaken [8].
• Elevated carcinoembryonic antigen levels and biliary tract obstruction [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Biliary Tract

• CONCLUSION: Estrogen plus progestin therapy among postmenopausal women with known coronary disease resulted in a marginally significant increase in the risk for biliary tract surgery [10].
• CONCLUSION: Single-dose prophylaxis with piperacillin is not associated with a clinically significant reduction in the incidence of acute cholangitis after ERCP in patients suspected of having biliary tract stones or distal common bile duct stricture [11].
• Our results suggest that the increased risk for cancers of the liver and biliary tract among Danish epileptic patients is likely to be due to Thorotrast administration and factors associated with cirrhosis of the liver rather than to anticonvulsive treatment [12].
• In clinical studies in 116 patients with biliary tract infections such as cholecystitis, cholangitis, and liver abscess, cefoperazone was effective in 90 (78%) [13].
• PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with histologically proven biliary tree carcinomas and a WHO performance status <2 received gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 followed by docetaxel 35 mg/m2 weekly for 3 weeks followed by I week of rest [14].

Biological context of Biliary Tract

• CONCLUSIONS: Most of the biliary tract tumors comprised point mutation in K-ras gene codon 12, and G to A transition was the most frequent [15].
• It is suggested that in PBC the ductular lesions and severe disturbance of the immune system including macroglobulinaemia and immune complex formation occur as a result of an immune response to the histocompatibility (HC) complex antigens which are present in high density on ductular epithelial cells of the biliary tree [16].
• We conclude that HNF6 is essential for differentiation and morphogenesis of the biliary tract and that intrahepatic bile duct development is controlled by a HNF6-->HNF1beta cascade [17].
• We now show that HNF6 is also expressed in the BEC of the developing intrahepatic bile ducts, and investigate its involvement in biliary tract development by analyzing the phenotype of Hnf6(-/-) mice [17].
• The tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A (MTS1/p16), located on chromosome 9p21, is inactivated in a variety of tumors including melanomas and tumors of the biliary tract, pancreas, and stomach [18].

Anatomical context of Biliary Tract

• CONCLUSIONS: We observed an increased risk of digestive tract cancers among adult CF patients, particularly of the small bowel, colon, and biliary tract [19].
• RESULTS: The biliary tree in the PCK rat was distorted markedly, showing multiple bile duct dilatation and focal budding [20].
• Stimulation of thymidine incorporation in mouse liver and biliary tract epithelium by lithocholate and deoxycholate [21].
• OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of estrogen plus progestin on the risk for biliary tract surgery in postmenopausal women with known coronary artery disease [10].
• The close developmental relationship of the pancreas and biliary tract prompted us to determine the role of DPC4 in the multistep carcinogenesis of biliary tract carcinoma [22].

Associations of Biliary Tract with chemical compounds

• In the obstructed animals, the biliary tree volume measured during taurocholate choleresis (67.4 +/- 15.8 microliters/g liver) was significantly greater than that determined during the increase in bile flow induced by secretin (39.5 +/- 10.4 microliters/g liver) [23].
• Good cholesterol, bad cholesterol: role of oxysterols in biliary tract diseases [24].
• The majority of patients with both bilirubin and cholesterol intrahepatic stones had stones throughout the biliary tree simultaneously [25].
• Biliary secretion of unbiotransformed ceftriaxone occurs at high concentrations; secondary Ca2+ entry results in the formation of supersaturated canalicular bile and subsequent precipitation as a calcium salt in the biliary tract [26].
• 99mTc bound to [(2,6 dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl) iminodiacetic acid] (5 mCi) was administered intravenously to visualize the liver and biliary tract [27].

Gene context of Biliary Tract

• Mutations of p16Ink4/CDKN2 and p15Ink4B/MTS2 genes in biliary tract cancers [28].
• Oxysterols induce cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cholangiocytes: implications for biliary tract carcinogenesis [29].
• Bile acids have been implicated in biliary tract carcinogenesis, in part, by activating the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) [30].
• Beta-catenin mutations in biliary tract cancers: a population-based study in China [31].
• Because membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoenzyme IV participates with cytoplasmic CA II in the acidification of urine in the kidney, we studied its expression in different regions of the human biliary tract using immunohistochemical techniques [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Biliary Tract

• Conflicting data have been reported concerning the optimum dose and rate of administration of iodipamide required to obtain maximum radiographic opacification of the biliary tree during intravenous cholangiography [33].
• Quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses of cell isolates indicated that VPAC1 is expressed in all three cell types lining the human biliary tree, with predominant expression in the gallbladder [34].
• We studied by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy the distribution of cytokeratin subtypes in the biliary system of adult rat liver [35].
• Antibiotic prophylaxis in biliary tract surgery. Ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone [36].
• Patients with biliary tract infections received 800 mg of fleroxacin orally once daily on five consecutive days; cholecystectomy was on day 3 [37].

References