Disease relevance of AIDS-210282

• Escherichia coli exhibits negative chemotaxis in gradients of hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, and N-chlorotaurine: products of the respiratory burst of phagocytic cells [1].
• Taurine chloramine, an oxidant derived from neutrophils, induces apoptosis in human B lymphoma cells through mitochondrial damage [2].
• No taurine-chloramine was detected in supernatants of lymphocytes and PMN from patients with an oxidative burst defect (chronic granulomatous disease, CGD) with the KI method, but Pholasin-dependent CL was consistently observed [3].
• Moreover, bacteria were attenuated after being incubated in N-chlorotaurine for a sublethal time, as demonstrated with the mouse peritonitis model [4].
• PURPOSE: To determine whether N-chlorotaurine (NCT) demonstrates antiviral activity against adenovirus (Ad) in vitro and in the Ad5/NZW rabbit ocular model [5].

High impact information on AIDS-210282

• Stimulated phagocytic leukocytes produce H2O2, OCl-, and N-chlorotaurine in a response termed the respiratory burst [1].
• Chemotaxis down gradients of H2O2, OCl-, and N-chlorotaurine may contribute to the survival of commensal or pathogenic microorganisms [1].
• Thus, taurine chloramine generation by human monocytes appeared dependent on both H2O2 and myeloperoxidase [6].
• Taurine monochloramine activates a cell death pathway involving Bax and Caspase-9 [7].
• Taurine chloramine (TN-Cl) is one of the most abundant compounds generated by activated neutrophils [2].

Chemical compound and disease context of AIDS-210282

• Taurine is chlorinated to form taurine chloramine (Tau-Cl) by the halide-dependent myeloperoxidase system and, under physiological conditions, reduces HOCl toxicity [8].
• Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 production is inhibited by taurine chloramine in rat C6 glioma cells [9].
• While N-chlorotaurine is formed in much larger concentration than tyrosine peroxide, its lower toxicity may mean that tyrosine peroxide may be the more important mediator of toxic stress in the host associated with inflammatory processes [10].

Biological context of AIDS-210282

• Taurine chloramine inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-alpha gene expression in activated alveolar macrophages: decreased NF-kappaB activation and IkappaB kinase activity [11].
• HOCl-induced apoptosis is mediated by aminoacyl chloramines generated in the culture media and can be mimicked by treatment of cells with taurine chloramine or with long lived chloramines generated from modified Lys or Arg [12].
• Taurine chloramine inhibition of cell proliferation and cytokine production by rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes [13].
• Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan induces nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor alpha production in a macrophage cell line: down regulation by taurine chloramine [14].
• It is concluded that the postantibiotic effect of N-chlorotaurine could be an important factor on decreasing virulence of bacteria [15].

Anatomical context of AIDS-210282

• Inhibition of collagenase activity by N-chlorotaurine, a product of activated neutrophils [16].
• A band shift of IkappaBalpha was observed in Western blots with Jurkat cells treated with 1 mm taurine chloramine (TauCl) for 1 h [17].
• Recent studies demonstrate that taurine chloramine (Tau-Cl) inhibits production of nitric oxide (NO) and other proinflammatory mediators in cultured macrophages when added to the media at the time of activation [18].
• N-Chlorotaurine, the main representative of long-lived oxidants found in the supernatant of stimulated granulocytes, has been investigated systematically with regard to its antibacterial activity at different physiological concentrations for the first time [4].
• Taurine chloramine (Tau-Cl) inhibits production of nitric oxide (NO) by activated peritoneal macrophages and attenuates accumulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the culture media, similar to that previously reported for activated RAW 264.7 cells [19].

Associations of AIDS-210282 with other chemical compounds

• Taurine is present in high concentrations in neutrophils, and when the cells are stimulated taurine can react with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) to form taurine-chloramine (Tau-Cl) [20].
• N-Chlorotaurine (taurine chloramine), formed by treating taurine with hypochlorous acid, was shown to decompose to sulphoacetaldehyde with a first-order rate constant of 9.9+/-0.5 x 10(-4).h-1 at 37 degrees C in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7 [21].
• Hypochlorite and taurine chloramine (T-NCI) convert native fifth component of human complement (C5) to an activated state [22].
• They contained taurine chloramine, estimated photometrically, and they activated C5 upon incubation, assayed functionally by reactive lysis [23].
• In a prospective double-blind, randomized phase 2b study, the infected eyes were treated for 7 days with eye drops containing 1% aqueous solution of N-chlorotaurine (33 subjects) or gentamicin (27 subjects, control group) [24].

Gene context of AIDS-210282

• Extracellular oxidation by taurine chloramine activates ERK via the epidermal growth factor receptor [20].
• The mechanism of taurine chloramine inhibition of cytokine (interleukin-6, interleukin-8) production by rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes [25].
• Furthermore, BHQ increased gamma-GCShs mRNA while decreasing CFTR mRNA in Calu-3 cells, and taurine chloramine induced similar effects in T84 cells [26].
• In addition, TNF-alpha was further down regulated by taurine chloramine (Tau-Cl) in C3H/OuJ mice [27].
• Oxidation of the P1' residue, Met73, accounted for most of the diminution in activity since a site-directed mutant of SLPI with leucine at the P1' position retained much higher residual activity after reaction with N-chlorotaurine [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of AIDS-210282

• After rectal administration of taurine, formation of taurine chloramine (TauCl) in the inflamed colonic tissue was examined using high-performance liquid chromatography [29].
• Taurine chloramine modifies adjuvant arthritis in rats [30].
• The cell signal action of 1O2/h nu (e.g., released by chloramines such as taurine-chloramine or vancomycin, by fiberoptic, by photodynamic therapy, or by so-called redox-cycling drugs such as quinones or tetracyclines) might be a new and physiologic principle for pharmacologic intervention in atherothrombosis [31].
• Refractory rhinosinusitis complicating immunosuppression: application of N-chlorotaurine, a novel endogenous antiseptic agent [32].
• A 21-year-old male patient was treated by repeated daily lavages of the urinary bladder with an aqueous solution of 1% N-chlorotaurine for one month [33].

References