Disease relevance of Irrigation

• Exfoliated colorectal carcinoma cells were obtained by lavage of 27 freshly resected tumor-bearing segments of human bowel with the use of either Hartmann's solution or medium 199 [1].
• To determine the basis for macrophage accumulation in experimental emphysema, we now show that bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from WT smoke-exposed animals contained chemotactic activity for monocytes in vitro that was absent in lavage fluid from macrophage elastase-deficient mice [2].
• BACKGROUND: Fluid obtained by whole gut lavage normally contains traces of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, albumin, and alpha-1-antitrypsin; higher concentrations have been found in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [3].
• Colonoscopic lavage was performed for assay of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentration in patients with small and large colonic adenomas, in patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon, and in normal controls [4].
• We measured the viral load for 13 types of carcinogenic HPV (relative light units normalised to 1 pg/mL HPV 16 positive controls [RLU/PC]) using Hybrid Capture 2 testing of cervicovaginal lavages obtained at enrolment [5].

Psychiatry related information on Irrigation

• RESULTS: Higher psychological stress assessed before the viral challenge was associated with greater symptom scores, greater mucus weights, and higher IL-6 lavage concentrations in response to infection [6].
• Glutaraldehyde-fixed macrophages derived from healthy animals using standard lavage techniques exhibited a high affinity for the substrate and reaction times were thus relatively short (30-60 min) [7].

High impact information on Irrigation

• KC was bound to shed syndecan-1, and it was not detected in the lavage of syndecan-1 null mice [8].
• We monitored their responses by means of symptom scores and measurements of the levels of histamine, tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME)-esterase activity, and kinins in nasal lavages [9].
• The lavage fluid was analyzed for products of arachidonic acid metabolism [10].
• Levels of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, which may also have a role in the pulmonary allergic response, were detectable in lavage fluid before challenge and increased after provocation with the antigen in four of the five patients [10].
• Hyperoxia for an average of 17 hours did not change the total number or type of lung inflammatory and immune effector cells recovered by lavage (P greater than 0.05, all comparisons) [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Irrigation

• Eighteen consecutive patients undergoing colonoscopy for polyps or mass lesions, properly age- and sex-matched, were randomized to receive Golytely lavage (3-4 L) or a standard preparation (48-h clear liquid diet, 240 ml of magnesium citrate and "X-Prep" senna derivative) [12].
• Increases in amylase and activated trypsin in ascites were markedly reduced by lavage and even more so by lavage with addition of gabexate [13].
• A tuberculostearic acid assay in the diagnosis of sputum smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. A prospective study of bronchoscopic aspirate and lavage specimens [14].
• Elevated lavage angiotensin-converting enzyme levels were detected after doses of bleomycin too low to cause significant sequelae of pulmonary fibrosis [15].
• Assessment of bleomycin lung toxicity using angiotensin-converting enzyme in pulmonary lavage [15].

Biological context of Irrigation

• We performed HPV testing of cervicovaginal lavage specimens by gene amplification using polymerase chain reaction with a consensus primer to target the L1 gene region of HPV [16].
• Gabexate injections without lavage had a slight effect on survival and serum amylase concentration and very little effect on histology [13].
• We conclude that SP-A is a major microbial permeablizing factor in lavage fluid and that oxidative stress inhibits the antibacterial activity of SP-A by a mechanism that includes oxidative modification and functional inactivation of the protein [17].
• Tunicamycin, which blocks N-linked protein glycosylation, resulted in synthesis of three major 26,000-dalton proteins which co-migrated with the nonglycosylated, surfactant-associated proteins A1 present in surfactant from alveolar lavage and with the major in vitro translation products of rat lung poly(A+) mRNA [18].
• Mice heterozygous for the J chain deletion exhibited intermediate gut lavage anti-CT IgA and intestinal protection levels, arguing for a J chain gene-dosage effect on the transport of secretory IgA [19].

Anatomical context of Irrigation

• Pulmonary macrophages of mice in the steady state were isolated by lavage with PBS containing EDTA and subsequent enzymatic digestion of tissue with pronase and DNA-ase [20].
• Meclofenamate treatment will prevent increases in lavage albumin and neutrophils while not preventing albumin accumulation in the lung (interstitium), suggesting a product of the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism is needed to produce movement of albumin and/or neutrophils across the alveolar epithelium in this model [21].
• The ethanol-induced rise in amylase output can be completely prevented by instillation of trypsin into the duodenum or by lavage of the duodenum with saline during ethanol administration [22].
• Lung macrophages obtained by segmental lavage from three patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis were studied in vitro [23].
• This approach can be applied to preimplantation diagnosis of human genetic diseases by using extraembryonic cells from blastocysts obtained after in vitro fertilization or uterine lavage [24].

Associations of Irrigation with chemical compounds

• Consistent with this, lavage fluid from the airways of allergen-challenged dogs stimulated mucin synthesis severalfold more potently than that from non-allergen-challenged dogs [25].
• Compared with the NaCl instillation, LTB4 caused a large increase in lavage total cells (NaCl = 6.8 +/- 1.0 X 10(6) vs. LTB4 = 26.4 +/- 5.0 X 10(6), P less than 0.01), most of which were PMN (NaCl = 12.2 +/- 4.6% vs. LTB4 = 55.7 +/- 6.0%, P less than 0.001) [26].
• The DIMIT effects on both choline incorporation by lung minces and phospholipid content of lavage fluid were substantially greater than what had occurred with an optimal dose of betamethasone [27].
• In addition, the amount of fibronectin was significantly increased in lavage of C5 fragment-treated normal but not neutropenic animals [28].
• I found that pilocarpine stimulates the release of radioactive protein into the lavage surface-active fraction of rabbits and that this pilocarpine effect is completely blocked by atropine [29].

Gene context of Irrigation

• Studies aerosolizing recombinant SLPI (rSLPI) to sheep demonstrated that in the short term, neither aerosolization and alveolar deposition nor the lavage procedure inactivated the SLPI molecule [30].
• Quantities of TNF-alpha, MIP-2, KC, or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 recovered from bronchial alveolar lavage or serum were not changed [31].
• In contrast, lavage TNF-alpha, IL-8, and GRO increased over 24 h in animals that failed to clear intrapulmonary bacteria [32].
• In the lavage fluid of patients with asthma, there were also increased amounts of interleukin-1-beta (IL-1-beta) (p less than 0.025), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p less than 0.025), and granulocyte-macrophage, colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (p less than 0.05), as compared with lavage fluid of normal control subjects [33].
• The levels of eotaxin in lavage samples showed strong correlation with lavage levels of eosinophil counts and EPX [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Irrigation

• HPV DNA was detected in cervicovaginal lavage by means of polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting [35].
• The efficacy and safety of the new colonic lavage solution, Golytely (an electrolyte-polyethylene glycol solution), was compared with standard 2- and 3-day bowel preparations in a randomized blinded study of patients undergoing colonoscopy and barium enema examination [36].
• Heparin affinity, gel filtration, and Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of PDGF in lavage fluid [37].
• This effect was demonstrable by using human neutrophil elastase as well as porcine pancreatic elastase as test enzyme (elastase, EC 3.4.21.11) and was reproducible when selected individuals in each group underwent lavage on repeated occasions [38].
• Peritoneal lavage after eight hours showed a significant decrease in the accumulation of PMN in lavage fluids of animals given either Fluosol or Pluronic (control--.19 +/- .03 X 10(6) PMN/mL, glycogen--1.35 +/- .14; glycogen/Fluosol--0.63 +/- .12; glycogen/Pluronic--0.69 +/- .07) [39].

References