Disease relevance of Genipin

• CONCLUSIONS: TJ-135 may be useful for treatment of liver fibrosis and portal hypertension through suppression of activated hepatic stellate cell function by genipin, an absorbed form of its component [1].
• Our observations imply that genipin signaling to apoptosis of hepatoma cells is mediated via NADPH oxidase-dependent generation of ROS, which leads to downstream of JNK [2].
• On the other hand, no apparent degradation or thrombus formation was observed on the surfaces of the genipin-fixed valvular leaflet and conduit [3].
• Media extracted from crosslinked genipin solder showed negligible toxicity to fibroblast cells under the culture conditions examined here [4].
• Genipin exhibited significant topical antiinflammatory effect shown as an inhibition of croton oil-induced ear edema in mice [5].

High impact information on Genipin

• Genipin also suppressed in vitro Fas-mediated apoptosis in primary-cultured murine hepatocytes [6].
• Activation of caspase 3 and 8 in the liver homogenate and rapid reduction of triangle uppsi(m) of hepatocytes isolated from Jo2-treated mice were inhibited by genipin preadministration [6].
• Genipin, a metabolite derived from the herbal medicine Inchin-ko-to, and suppression of Fas-induced lethal liver apoptosis in mice [6].
• The resistance to Ca(2+)-induced MPT was enhanced in liver mitochondria of genipin-treated mice [6].
• Biliary secretion of Mrp2 substrates and the protein mass, subcellular localization, and messenger RNA (mRNA) level of Mrp2 were assessed in rat liver after infusion of genipin, an intestinal bacterial metabolite of geniposide, a major ingredient of ICKT [7].

Chemical compound and disease context of Genipin

• Stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1/2(SAPK/JNK1/2) but neither MEK1/2 nor p38 MAPK was activated in genipin-treated hepatoma cells [2].
• Antithrombotic effect of geniposide and genipin in the mouse thrombosis model [8].

Biological context of Genipin

• In conclusion, genipin may enhance the bile acid-independent secretory capacity of hepatocytes, mainly by stimulation of exocytosis and insertion of Mrp2 in the bile canaliculi [7].
• L-NAME remarkably depressed genipin-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK-1 and -2 [9].
• The FaO cells stably transfected with a dominant-negative c-Jun, TAM67, was less susceptible to apoptotic cell death triggered by genipin [2].
• In the study, a naturally occurring crosslinking reagent (genipin), which has been used in herbal medicine and in the production of food dyes, was used to crosslink the chitosan microspheres [10].
• RESULTS: Genipin suppressed cell proliferation and migration in association with inhibition of Smad and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, although ERK signaling was enhanced [11].

Anatomical context of Genipin

• In immunoelectron microscopic studies, a marked increase in Mrp2 density in the canalicular membrane (CM) and microvilli was observed in the genipin-treated liver tissue sections when compared with the vehicle-treated liver tissue sections [7].
• On the other hand, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase (SGC), which is known to be a stimulatory target of NO, abolished greatly the genipin-induced neurite outgrowth [9].
• Such attenuation was not found in the cells cultured with geniposide, an iridoid compound of TJ-135, but genipin, an aglycone of geniposide formed in the gut by action of bacterial flora, markedly decreased stellate cell activation without affecting synthesis of proteins other than collagen [1].
• The present study further investigates the crosslinking characteristics and mechanical properties of a genipin-fixed bovine pericardium [12].
• An in vivo evaluation of a biodegradable genipin-cross-linked gelatin peripheral nerve guide conduit material [13].

Associations of Genipin with other chemical compounds

• In our previous feasibility study, it was found that the cytotoxicity of genipin is significantly lower than both glutaraldehyde and an epoxy compound [14].
• Chitin and chitosan were hybridized in various weight percentages by genipin crosslinkage under various prefreezing temperatures to form tissue-engineering scaffolds via lyophilization [15].
• At pH 7.4, the carboxylic acid groups on the genipin-cross-linked NOCC/alginate hydrogel became progressively ionized [16].
• In this study, the effects of ginsenoside Rg1, a natural compound isolated from Panax ginseng, on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) behavior in vitro, and on angiogenesis and tissue regeneration in genipin-fixed acellular tissue (extracellular matrix, ECM) in vivo, were investigated [17].
• Cyclic GMP-dependent neurite outgrowth by genipin and nerve growth factor in PC12h cells [18].

Gene context of Genipin

• Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade through nitric oxide synthesis as a mechanism of neuritogenic effect of genipin in PC12h cells [9].
• Consistently, the stable expression of Nox1-C, a C-terminal region of Nox1 unable to generate ROS, blocked the formation of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells, and activation of caspase-3 and JNK in FaO cells treated with genipin [2].
• We examined the effects of genipin on production of TNF-alpha in vivo and in vitro [19].
• In conclusion, the present findings suggest that genipin, a metabolite derived form the herbal medicine Inchinko-to improved acute liver dysfunction by suppressive effect of TNF-alpha production [19].
• Genipin enhances Mrp2 (Abcc2)-mediated bile formation and organic anion transport in rat liver [7].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Genipin

• The study was intended to investigate the rate of tissue fixation by genipin [20].
• This study demonstrates that 2.5% Protasan UP G213 cross-linked to 5% genipin might be a promising scaffold for disk tissue engineering [21].
• Tissue welding was also performed with a BSA solder without genipin, as a control group [4].
• The results obtained in this study may be used to optimize the fixation process for developing bioprostheses fixed by genipin [20].
• RESULTS: Echocardiography revealed that the motion of the valvular leaflets in both the glutaraldehyde- and genipin-fixed conduits was satisfactory [3].

References