Disease relevance of Squaric acid

• In conclusion, alopecia areata-like hair loss in C3H/HeJ mice responded to treatment with the contact sensitizer squaric acid dibutylester analogous to human alopecia areata [1].
• In 12 C3H/HeJ mice with alopecia areata an allergic contact dermatitis was induced and elicited weekly on one side of the back by topical applications of squaric acid dibutylester [1].
• The concentration of squaric acid was varied as needed to maintain a moderate dermatitis [2].
• In order to clarify the relation between the reactivity of the leaving groups in cisplatin-like complexes and their activity / toxicity, six new complexes of the formula Pt(NH3)2X and Pt(dach)X (where X is selenato, anion of squaric acid, or demethylcantharic acid) have been synthesized and compared [3].
• Di-through the pentasaccharide that mimic the upstream terminus of the O-specific polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O:1, serotype Ogawa were synthesized in the form of 5-methoxycarbonylpentyl glycosides and linked to BSA using squaric acid diester chemistry [4].

High impact information on Squaric acid

• [structure: see text] A series of squaric acid-peptide conjugates were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of MMP-1 [5].
• The effect of diplatinum complexes of the binucleating ligands of naphthazarine and squaric acid on Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) rates and human lymphocyte proliferation kinetics was studied [6].
• Molecular structure, infrared spectrum, and photochemistry of squaric Acid dimethyl ester in solid argon [7].
• AA-affected C3H/HeJ mice were treated with the contact sensitizer SADBE (squaric acid dibutylester) and leucocyte subpopulations and their activation state was evaluated in SkIL and draining lymph nodes [8].
• Squaric acid dibutylester: indications for use and efficacy in alopecia areata [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Squaric acid

• Fourteen of 18 patients with extensive alopecia areata completed a course of weekly treatments with the topical allergen squaric acid dibutylester in acetone [2].
• Thus, diphencyprone was found to be as effective as DNCB or squaric acid dibutylester in the treatment of alopecia areata [10].
• Since alopecia areata might be due to an aberrant T-cell-mediated immunity, the purpose of our study was to compare the results obtained with Thymopentin to those of topical sensitizing therapies, such as squaric acid dibutylester or diphencyprone [11].
• The treatment of alopecia areata involves promotion of hair growth (for instance with topical minoxidil application), immunosuppression (intralesional or systemic steroid therapy, phototherapy) or immunomodulation (anthralin, dinitrochlorobenzene, diphenylcyclopropenone, squaric acid dibutylester) [12].

Biological context of Squaric acid

• Compared to previously utilized standards, squaric acid has several important advantages, such as fast kinetics of the phase transition, higher temperature range for 13C studies, and an almost constant sample volume through the transition temperature range [13].
• The IC50 = 0.12 microM value measured for daunorubicin (1) on human leukemia (HL-60) cells is comparable to those obtained for the daunomycin-L-leucyl squaric acid diamide (30, IC50 = 0.18 microM) and the corresponding D-galactosamine derivative (40, IC50=0.22 microM) [14].

Anatomical context of Squaric acid

• The response to mitogens and to IL-2 was related to the response to the topical sensitizer SADBE (squaric acid dibutylester) and patients with no allergic reaction to this substance showed a marked reduction in lymphocyte stimulation, especially with IL-2 [15].
• In this study we examined the effects of squaric acid dibutylester treatment on hair follicles and the associated leukocyte infiltrate in alopecia areata mice by light and transmission electron microscopic analysis [16].

Associations of Squaric acid with other chemical compounds

• We synthesized these squaric acid diesters and examined them for the presence of carcinogenic contaminants, hexachlorobutadiene and tetrachloro-2-cyclobutene-1-one, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [17].
• The experimental results showed that the uptake rate constants (k values) decrease with the change of leaving group in the sequence: chloride (Cl) > squaric acid (SA) > oxalate (OX) > demethylcantharic acid (DA), with the same dach isomer as carrier group [18].
• The squaric acid aggregate in mordenite investigated by Raman spectroscopy [19].

Gene context of Squaric acid

• Squaric acid as an internal standard for temperature measurements in 13C MAS NMR [13].
• Preliminary results on radiation damage in catalase at 400, 600 and 800 kV and images of catalase and squaric acid are included [20].
• Comparison of such shifts with those observed for the squaric acid (H2Sq)/4,4'-bipyridine (Bipy) charge transfer (CT) complex reveals that the interaction is much stronger in the aggregate, a clear effect of the restrict geometry [19].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Squaric acid

• Contact immunotherapy with squaric acid dibutylester for the treatment of recalcitrant warts [21].
• The FTIR spectra of pyridinium-betaine of squaric acid in 4000-100 cm(-1) frequency region in solid state were measured [22].
• Photochemotherapy plus squaric acid dibutylester in alopecia areata treatment [23].
• Normalisation of hair follicle morphology in C3H/HeJ alopecia areata mice after treatment with squaric acid dibutylester [16].

References