Disease relevance of Phase Transition

• A site-specific inversion event is responsible for phase transition in Salmonella, as indicated by heteroduplex analysis of recombinant molecules carrying the gene coding for H2 flagellin in Salmonella [1].
• Measurement of phase transition rates for E. coli (pap17'-lac) inoculated onto M9-Glycerol showed that the Lac(-)----Lac+ transition frequency (1.57 X 10(-4)/cell/generation) was reduced 35-fold when cells were inoculated onto minimal medium containing glucose (M9-Glucose) [2].
• These findings suggest that complex I of C6 glioma cells is a key regulating step that modulates the oxidative phosphorylation capacity during growth phase transitions [3].
• In an effort to deliver high dose methotrexate (MTX) to animal transitional cell carcinomas (TCC), we used liposomes with phase transition temperature a few degrees above 37 C. Experimentally induced bladder TCC tumors (induced with N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2 thiazolyl) formamide) were transplanted into hind legs of C3H/Bi mice [4].
• These results provide the first direct evidence that ERbeta plays an important role in colon cancer as a regulator of cell proliferation through the control of key cell cycle modulators and arrest in G1-S phase transition [5].

Psychiatry related information on Phase Transition

• The incorporation of cytochrome c oxidase into the phospholipid bilayer perturbs the thermodynamic parameters associated with the lipid phase transition in a manner analogous to other integral membrane proteins: it reduces the enthalpy change, lowers the transition temperature, and reduces the cooperative behavior of the phospholipid molecules [6].

High impact information on Phase Transition

• Cross-linking of phosphatidylethanolamine films with glutaraldehyde or egg lecithin, as well as dioleoyllecithin with OsO4, abolishes the phase transition of the lipids in these films, transforming them to the solid state [7].
• Cyclin E, one of the activators of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk2, is expressed near the G1-S phase transition and is thought to be critical for the initiation of DNA replication and other S-phase functions [8].
• Phase transition and crystal structure of the 37 degrees C form of cholesterol [9].
• Liposomes with phase transitions a few degrees above physiological temperature delivered more than four times as much methotrexate to murine tumors heated to 42 degrees C as to unheated control tumors [10].
• Overexpression of AGL20 suppresses not only the late flowering of plants that have functional FRI and FLC alleles but also the delayed phase transitions during the vegetative stages of plant development [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Phase Transition

• Conjugated polyene fatty acids as fluorescent probes: biosynthetic incorporation of parinaric acid by Escherichia coli and studies of phase transitions [12].
• Spontaneous and reversible high-frequency frameshifts originating a phase transition in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway of the phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 [13].
• The new crystal polymorph of indomethacin exhibited endo- and exothermic peaks near 102.8 and 104.1 degrees C, respectively, because of phase transitions without weight loss, followed by two additional endothermic peaks at 151 and 158.9 degrees C, because of fusion [14].
• Physicochemical analyses of phase transition and dehydration processes of a new oral 1beta-methylcarbapenem antibiotic agent, CS-834 [15].
• DSC measurements reveal that cholesterol-containing liposomes exhibit multiple phase transitions upon dehydration [16].

Biological context of Phase Transition

• Dot blot hybridization experiments indicated that tubulin gene expression is developmentally regulated during the dimorphic phase transitions. alpha- and beta-tubulin mRNAs increased six- to eightfold during the yeast-to-mycelium conversion and decreased two- to threefold during the reverse transition [17].
• The sensitivity of these cell lines to inhibitors of protein ser/thr phosphatase-2A (PP2A), a key enzyme in the control of G1/S and G2/M cell cycle phase transitions in eukaryotes, was studied in vitro [18].
• In addition, intermediates in the lamellar-nonlamellar phase transitions of membrane systems containing phosphatidylethanolamine, or other lipids with similar properties, have recently been implicated in facilitating membrane fusion [19].
• The membrane fluidity of P388D1(I) was greater than that of the normal counterpart P388D1(N), but could be reduced either by exposing the cell below phase transition point or by loading cholesterol into membrane (L-P388D1(I)), and this was associated with enhanced Ag-presenting ability of P388D1(I) [20].
• The effect of cholate on the hydrolysis reaction is similar to that of temperature variation within the phase transition of temperature variation within the phase transition of DPPC [21].

Anatomical context of Phase Transition

• Acetylcholine receptor membrane fragments or the purified receptor protein was incorporated into these bilayers by fusing receptor-containing vesicles with the planar membranes a few degrees below the lipid phase transition temperature [22].
• Gas1 is not expressed in growing or transformed cells, and when overexpressed in normal fibroblasts, it blocks the G0-to-S phase transition [23].
• Thus, antibodies to PRL appear to block an event occurring in the G1 to GS phase transition of these cell lines, which constitutively express growth factor receptors [24].
• These experiments extend earlier work (Rintoul, D. A., Chou, S.-M., and Silbert, D. F. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 10070-10077) on isolated plasma membrane lipids by showing that sterol suppresses a phase transition in intact membranes as well as in isolated lipids [25].
• However, in proliferating HeLa cells geminin and Cdt1 are co-expressed during a relatively short time at the G(1)-to-S phase transition [26].

Associations of Phase Transition with chemical compounds

• Phase transitions in phosphatidylcholine multibilayers [27].
• The rate of this reaction as followed with use of magnetic resonance exhibits a pronounced maximum at 36 degrees, the midpoint of the phase transition range of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles [28].
• Results on lipid probe diffusion in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine multibilayers indicated that at temperatures above the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition diffusion is isotropic, and analysis of video-FRAP data yielded diffusion coefficients consistent with those measured previously by using spot photobleaching [29].
• Heat-sensitive immunoliposomes are capable of releasing the entrapped content at the target cell surface upon a brief heating to the phase transition temperature of the liposome membrane [30].
• This curve has a peak near 11 degrees C which may be associated with the phase transition of the sonicated phosphatidylserine vesicles in the presence of calcium prior to the aggregation or fusion process [31].

Gene context of Phase Transition

• This result confirms the role of EMF2 in phase transitions by repressing reproductive development [32].
• EMF1 and its related sequence may belong to a new class of proteins that function as transcriptional regulators of phase transition during shoot development [33].
• The human CDC34 cDNA can functionally substitute for the yeast CDC34 gene and represents a mammalian homolog of the group of yeast genes required for the late G1-->S phase transition [34].
• These observations support the view that the coordinated rise of Cln3 and Swi4 levels mediated by ECB-dependent transcription controls the timing of the G(1)-to-S phase transition [35].
• PURPOSE: The F-box protein S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) positively regulates the G(1)-S phase transition by controlling the stability of several G(1) regulators, such as p27Kip1 [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Phase Transition

• The influence of small molecules on the main phase transition of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine was observed by high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry [37].
• The amino-terminus of M13 coat protein is also found exclusively on the outside of dilauroyl or dimyristoyl lecithin vesicles, formed with coat protein by the cholate dilution technique [Racker, E., et al. (1975) FEBS Lett. 57, 14-18] near the lipid phase transition temperature [38].
• The extraction of infected cells by phase-transition separation with Triton X-114 followed by immunoaffinity chromatography yielded a single protein detected by NaDodSO4/PAGE using silver staining [39].
• Neutron diffraction study of the size-induced tetragonal to monoclinic phase transition in zirconia nanocrystals [40].
• Gradual addition of sodium didecyl phosphate (C(10)()C(10)()(-)()) leads to the formation of catanionic vesicles, which were characterized by cryo-electron microscopy, and their main phase transition temperatures (DSC) and zeta-potentials [41].

References