Disease relevance of Trinucleotides

• In order to identify some of the DNA binding sites in the protein, we have solved the structures of several complexes of the 67 kDa N-terminal fragment of Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I with mono- and trinucleotides [1].
• For trinucleotides, GCA.TGC tends to be under-represented in phage, human viral, and eukaryotic sequences, and CTA.TAG is strongly under-represented in many prokaryotic, eukaryotic, and viral sequences [2].
• In humans, a lack of this enzyme causes hemolytic anemia with ribosomal structures and trinucleotides retained in the red blood cells (RBCs) [3].
• Phosphorothioate di- and trinucleotides as a novel class of anti-hepatitis B virus agents [4].
• In the case of myotonic dystrophy, a block of repeating CTG trinucleotides is located downstream of the gene, and expansions of this block to repeats of n = 100 or more are frequently found in afflicted individuals [5].

Psychiatry related information on Trinucleotides

• Huntington's disease and repeating trinucleotides [6].
• We thus cannot conclude that CAG/CTG trinucleotides are involved in psychotic disorders and that either the differences observed in similar studies may be the result of population stratification, or that the increased frequency of larger repeats amongst affected individuals is a much smaller effect than previously thought [7].

High impact information on Trinucleotides

• RESULTS: One hundred forty of the 187 patients, with ages at onset ranging from 2 to 51 years, were homozygous for a GAA expansion that had 120 to 1700 repeats of the trinucleotides [8].
• Analysis of 84 human X chromosomes for the presence of interrupting AGG trinucleotides within the CGG repeat tract of the FMR1 gene revealed that most alleles possess two interspersed AGGs and that the longest tract of uninterrupted CGG repeats is usually found at the 3' end [9].
• We now find that certain di- and trinucleotides with free 3' hydroxyl groups reopen the circular IVS at the cyclization junction, producing a linear molecule with the oligonucleotide covalently attached to its 5' end [10].
• Loss-of-function kryptonite alleles resemble mutants in the DNA methyltransferase gene CHROMOMETHYLASE3 (CMT3), showing loss of cytosine methylation at sites of CpNpG trinucleotides (where N is A, C, G or T) and reactivation of endogenous retrotransposon sequences [11].
• The results show how modular finger interactions with trinucleotides can be used, in conjunction with alternative splicing, to alter the binding specificity and increase the spectrum of sites recognized by a DNA binding domain [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Trinucleotides

• This result makes rotavirus transcriptase different from other viruses in which the inhibitory effects are associated with dinucleotides and trinucleotides [13].

Biological context of Trinucleotides

• The results are consistent with modular interactions between zinc fingers and trinucleotides and also suggest rules for recognition of AT-rich DNA sites by zinc finger proteins [12].
• During the second phase, the nucleotide sequences of RNA codons were deciphered by determining the species of aminoacyl-tRNA that bound to ribosomes in response to trinucleotides of known sequence [14].
• Because the experimental support for the C(II)(oligo) rule is much less complete, the present article, focusing on the special case of trinucleotides (triplets), examined several gigabases of genome sequences from a wide range of species and kingdoms including organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts [15].
• RNA helical oligonucleotides that recapitulate the acceptor stems of transfer RNAs, and that are devoid of the anticodon trinucleotides of the genetic code, are aminoacylated by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases [16].
• Oligonucleotides that recapitulate the acceptor stems of tRNAs are substrates for aminoacylation by many tRNA synthetases in vitro, even though these substrates are missing the anticodon trinucleotides of the genetic code [17].

Anatomical context of Trinucleotides

• The Xi in normal female lymphocytes is also highly methylated, but some GCG or CGC trinucleotides partially escape methylation; all other CpGs are fully methylated [18].
• It was also demonstrated that ODN 2006, a widely used immunostimulant of human B cells, possess two kinds of immunostimulatory motifs: one of them mainly composed of two successive TCG trinucleotides located at the 5' end and another one (duplicated) of the PyNTTTTGT kind here described [19].
• The localized NPPase activity around the regressing Mullerian duct suggests that NPPase may appear as a consequence of duct regression and may act to control the degree of membrane phosphorylation by degrading excess trinucleotides [20].
• High levels (200 microM) of CpA or the trinucleotides containing CpA have no effect on translation in a wheat germ cell-free system [21].
• Application to the cytosolic side of inside-out patches of Na+ ions, mono- di- and trinucleotides, taurine, reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione, or peptides extracted from pulmonary artery smooth muscle, did not reproduce the inward rectification [22].

Associations of Trinucleotides with other chemical compounds

• Because 5-methylcytosine is mutagenic, the appearance of CG methylation clusters over evolutionary time predicts a genome-wide deficiency of CG dinucleotides and an excess of C(A/T)G trinucleotides within transcribed regions [23].
• The polio type 1 (Mahoney) RNA sequence (1) has been analyzed in terms of the distribution of its mononucleotides, dinucleotides and trinucleotides (codons) [24].
• In this investigation, we assessed the developmental profile of RNA and purine/pyrimidine trinucleotides in circulating embryonic chick red blood cells (RBC) [25].
• Capillary electrophoresis has been applied for investigating the adduct formation of carboplatin and analogues with nucleoside monophosphates, di- and trinucleotides [26].
• Considering the three codonic positions as independent, it is possible to explain the grouping of the 64 trinucleotides (without AAA, TTT, CCC and GGG) into three equal sets T0, T1 and T2 according to their preferable reading frame (0, 1 or 2) in coding sequences [27].

Gene context of Trinucleotides

• In patients with PD, the presence of two long alleles, with more than 16 repeated AAT trinucleotides in the CNR1 gene, was associated with a reduced prevalence of depression (Fisher's exact test: P=0.003) [28].
• Meta-analysis demonstrated that the preferentially altered sequence motifs of BCL6 in PMBL were TA (p=0.002) and AT (p=0.0008) dinucleotides and TAT trinucleotides (p=0.001) [29].
• Diversity was created by replacing the V(H) and V(L) CDR3 regions of the master genes by CDR3 library cassettes, generated from mixed trinucleotides and biased towards natural human antibody CDR3 sequences [30].
• A new class of disease (including Huntington disease, Kennedy disease, and spinocerebellar ataxias types 1 and 3) results from abnormal expansions of CAG trinucleotides in the coding regions of genes [31].
• The following types of motifs in that portion are analyzed: (i) concatamers of mono-, di-, and trinucleotides; (ii) tightly clustered hexanucleotides (spaced < or = 5 bases apart); (iii) direct and reverse repeats longer than 20 bp; and (iv) a number of motifs known from biochemical studies to play a role in the regulation of the BX-C [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Trinucleotides

• Sequence analyses show short spacers between the CAT repeats consisting of closely related trinucleotides, primarily CGT [33].
• The number of CAG repeats in SCA1 was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and the presence of CAT interruptions was assessed on the basis of the sensitivity of the PCR products to the restriction endonuclease SfaNI, which recognises CAT trinucleotides [34].
• The circular dichroism spectra of chemically synthesized adenylate and cytidylate dinucleotides and trinucleotides bearing terminal 3' phosphates have been compared under a variety of conditions with the spectra obtained from the corresponding oligomers with 2',3'-terminal cyclic phosphate groups [35].
• Nuclease P1 degrades the oligodeoxynucleotide photoproducts to small photoproduct-containing trinucleotides which are more amenable to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and HPLC [36].
• Labelled trinucleotides as quantitative probes to identify Bacillus spp. using fluorescent in situ hybridization [37].

References