Disease relevance of cytidylic acid

• Poly(rC) binding protein 2 binds to stem-loop IV of the poliovirus RNA 5' noncoding region: identification by automated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [1].
• Recloning in bacteriophage M13 and subsequent DNA sequence analysis allowed the identification of the suppressor mutation as a deletion of the cytidylic acid residue at nucleotide position 1054 of the 16S ribosomal RNA [2].
• In this paper we report a study of a sample of foot-and-mouth disease virus carrying two polyribocytidylic acid [poly(C)] tracts of different lengths [3].
• Heterogeneity of the polyribocytidylic acid tract in aphthovirus: biochemical and biological studies of viruses carrying polyribocytidylic acid tracts of different lengths [3].
• The simultaneous inoculation of vaccine and interferon inducers (polyribocytidylic acid homopolymer pair or Newcastle disease virus) did not improve the results obtained with vaccine along, a fact which indicates that factors other than interferon and antibody may play an important role in the treatment of rabies after exposure [4].

High impact information on cytidylic acid

• When injected into mice, the synthetic double-stranded polynucleotide poly(inosinic) X poly(cytidylic) acid induces high natural killer (NK) cell activity within 4 to 12 hours [5].
• Higher selectivities were also found for 5'-CMP when both the beta- and meso-substituted conjugates were incorporated into polyvinyl chloride membranes and tested as ion selective electrodes at pH 6.6, whereas near-equal selectivities were observed for 5'-CMP and 5'-GMP in the case of unsubstituted calix[4]pyrroles [6].
• A shortened form of the self-splicing ribosomal RNA intervening sequence of Tetrahymena thermophila has enzymatic activity as a poly(cytidylic acid) polymerase [Zaug, A.J. & Cech, T.R. (1986) Science 231, 470-475] [7].
• Polyriboinosinic acid X polyribocytidylic acid consistently gave an increased antiproliferative response compared to its mismatched analogue, rln X r(C12,U)n. Correlations could not be made between either IFN-alpha or IFN-beta and the dsRNA effect [8].
• After the injection of [14C]orotic acid, the ratio of the specific radioactivity of cytidylate to uridylate moieties of the host liver RNA was measured and found to be higher than that of normal rat liver RNA and to be similar to that of YS cell RNA [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of cytidylic acid

• The CELO virus ITR differed from those of the mammalian adenoviruses in two major aspects: (i) it is not a perfect duplication; (ii) it begins with a 5'-guanylic acid residue instead of the cytidylic acid normally observed in adenoviruses [10].
• The Enterobacter nuclease, which cleaves RNA between the 3'-phosphate group of cytidylic acid and the 5'-hydroxyl group of adenylic acid, has been shown to be affected by the polyamines, spermidine, spermine and putrescine [11].

Biological context of cytidylic acid

• A ribonuclease, purified some 2700-fold from human plasma, exhibited a strong predilection for the hydrolysis of internucleotide bonds containing cytidylic acid [12].
• The lambda tR1 rut sequences encode RNA segments that contain a high proportion of cytidylate residues and that lack extensive intramolecular base pairing [13].
• In competitive binding experiments for [(eta(6)-Bip)Ru(en)Cl](+) with 5'-GMP versus 5'-AMP or 5'-CMP or 5'-TMP, the only final adduct was [(eta(6)-Bip)Ru(en)(N7-GMP)] [14].
• The recombinant RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the bovine viral diarrhea virus specifically requires a cytidylate at the 3' end for the de novo initiation of RNA synthesis (C. C. Kao, A. M. Del Vecchio, and W. Zhong, Virology 253:1-7, 1999) [15].
• The base composition obtained for the controls was 17.47% adenine, 28.88% guanine, 28.50% cytidylic acid, and 25.14% uridylic acid [16].

Anatomical context of cytidylic acid

• Activation of 2',5'-oligo(A) polymerase and protein kinase of interferon-treated HeLa cells by 2'-O-methylated poly (inosinic acid) . poly(cytidylic acid), Correlations with interferon-inducing activity [17].
• Further comparisons with the ribosome-associated molecule indicate that while the 5.8 S rRNA may be partly localized in the ribosomal interface, four cytidylic acid residues, C56, C100, C127 and C128, remain reactive even in whole ribosomes [18].
• Effects of polyribonoinosinic acid polyribocytidylic acid and a mouse interferon preparation on cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase systems in cultures of primary mouse hepatocytes [19].
• The purified oligodendrocyte enzyme 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) obtained from bovine, human and guinea pig brain was inhibited by theophylline, caffeine, cupric chloride and organomercurials using a spectrophotometric assay and 1 mM 2',3'- cyclic cytidylate as the substrate [20].
• Substrates commonly used for localizing bone Golgi apparatus (GA) acid phosphatase (AcPase), e.g., beta-glycerophosphate, p-nitrophenylphosphate, cytidine-5'-monophosphate, and di(dicyclohexylammonium)-2-napthylthiolphosphate, give strong staining not only of GA but also of lysosomes [21].

Associations of cytidylic acid with other chemical compounds

• A prerequisite for the synthesis of sialylated glycoconjugates is the activation of Neu5Ac to cytidine-monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) [22].
• Cytidine 3',5'-bisphosphate is also a substrate for the ligation reaction with DNA restriction fragments with a 3'-terminate cytidylic acid residue [23].
• In addition, mutational analysis of the minus-strand template revealed that the -1 nontemplated nucleotide, along with the +1 cytidylate and +2 adenylate, is important for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase interaction [24].
• Effects of interferon inducing agents (polyriboinosinic acid. Polyribocytidylic acid, tilorone) on hepatic hemoproteins (cytochrome P-450, catalase, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, mitochondrial cytochromes), heme metabolism and cytochrome P-450-linked monooxygenase systems [25].
• The steady-state kinetic parameters for catalysis by the wild-type and variant enzymes were determined for the cleavage of uridylyl(3'-->5')adenosine and poly(cytidylic acid), and for the hydrolysis of uridine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate [26].

Gene context of cytidylic acid

• In contrast, the Toll-like receptor 3 agonist poly inosinic and cytidylic acid (polyI:C) had no effect on receptor expression [27].
• 2'-O-methyl or 2'-fluoro modification of cytidylic acid abolished the IFN-beta-inducing ability of the poly(I:C) duplex, and these modified dsRNAs inhibited poly(I:C)-induced TLR3-mediated IFN-beta production by fibroblasts and DCs [28].
• With high molecular weight wheat germ RNA and tRNA, ARH-I is 660- and 300-fold more active than angiogenin, respectively, while with poly(uridylic acid), poly(cytidylic acid), cytidylyl(3'----5')adenosine (CpA), and uridylyl(3'----5')adenosine (UpA) activity is enhanced by about 200-fold [29].
• However, the kinetic constants for 8 dinucleoside phosphates, CpY and UpY (Y = one of A, G, U, and C) as substrates showed that RNase CL2 was preferential for cytidylic acid, but less so than RNase A, and the influence of Y base on the rate of hydrolysis of CpY or UpY was less marked than in the case of RNase A [30].
• Surprisingly, when other maturation stimuli were used, we observed that CsA significantly inhibited maturation induced by lipopolysaccharides but not by polyribocytidylic acid or CD40 ligand, as assessed by DC phenotype and functions [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of cytidylic acid

• Circular dichroism, absorbance temperature profiles, antigenic properties, and interferon-inducing capacity of the nine double-stranded complexes between poly(inosinic acid) and poly(cytidylic acid) [(rI)n . (rC)n] and their deoxy- and 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-analogues were studied [32].
• RNA ligase mediated labelling of the 3' end of S fragment showed that the RNase H digestion gave rise to molecules that differed only in the number of cytidylic acid residues remaining at their 3' ends and did not leave the unique 3' end necessary for fast sequence analysis [33].
• Immunologically induced fatigue was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of a synthetic double-stranded RNA, polyriboinosinic : polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C) [34].
• Studies of spin-trapped radicals in gamma-irradiated aqueous solutions of thymidine-5'-monophosphate and cytidine-5'-monophosphate by liquid chromatography and ESR spectroscopy [35].
• By using a sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay method, we evaluated the participation of guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G-protein) in the regulation of cytidylate cyclase activity in rat brain and other tissues [36].

References