The world's first wiki where authorship really matters (Nature Genetics, 2008). Due credit and reputation for authors. Imagine a global collaborative knowledge base for original thoughts. Search thousands of articles and collaborate with scientists around the globe.

wikigene or wiki gene protein drug chemical gene disease author authorship tracking collaborative publishing evolutionary knowledge reputation system wiki2.0 global collaboration genes proteins drugs chemicals diseases compound
Hoffmann, R. A wiki for the life sciences where authorship matters. Nature Genetics (2008)
 
Chemical Compound Review

CYANAMIDE     cyanamide

Synonyms: Alzogur, Carbimide, Deurbraak, carbimidn, Cyanoamine, ...
 
 
Welcome! If you are familiar with the subject of this article, you can contribute to this open access knowledge base by deleting incorrect information, restructuring or completely rewriting any text. Read more.
 

Disease relevance of Carbimide

  • In a previously published U.S. clinic-based study, a polymorphism in the ER gene (codon 325, CCC --> CCG) was found to be more common in 34 case subjects with a family history of breast cancer than in 154 case subjects without such a history (mean allele frequencies +/- standard error = 0.28+/-0.05 versus 0.11+/-0.02; P<.001) [1].
  • In crosses between distantly related genera such as E. coli and Proteus, all the donor DNA remained as CCC, with no detectable integration into the chromosome [2].
  • In 25 E. coli proteins analyzed the codons AUA, UCG, CCU, CCC, ACG, CAA, AAT, and AGG are infrequently used, occurring as 4% of the total codons in the reading frame and 11% and 10% in the nonreading frames [3].
  • Analysis of alkaptonuria (AKU) mutations and polymorphisms reveals that the CCC sequence motif is a mutational hot spot in the homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase gene (HGO) [4].
  • The carbodiimide EDCI-HCl has also been found to increase the complement-dependent lysis of cultured TA3 carcinoma cells by serum antibodies from isogeneic LAF1/J mice bearing ascites tumors in advanced stages of growth [5].
 

Psychiatry related information on Carbimide

  • Optimal conjugation conditions were identified as a carbodiimide-to-toxin ratio of 10:1 by weight, an initial molar ratio of ST to LT of 100:1, and a conjugation reaction time of 96 h [6].
  • Background: The Copenhagen Child Cohort, CCC 2000, was established to investigate developmental psychopathology prospectively from birth in a general population [7].
  • BACKGROUND: The Children's Communication Checklist (CCC 1998) was revised in 2003 (CCC-2) to provide a general screen for communication disorder and to identify pragmatic/social interaction deficits [8].
 

High impact information on Carbimide

  • Four independent mutations change the same CAC codon in the mnt gene to CCT or CCC [9].
  • The topography of the rigor complex between F-actin and myosin heads (S1) has been investigated by carbodiimide zero-length cross-linking [10].
  • Observed DNA sequence changes were greater than 99% C----T transitions in the hisG46 (CCC) target codon, consistent with a cytosine-deamination mechanism [11].
  • Treatment of the tissue with a water-soluble carbodiimide enhanced anion selectivity at higher pH; carbenoxolone, a weak acid, resulted in maintained cation selectivity at lower pH [12].
  • We show that overexpression of AXI 4 or another member of the CCC family, the Na+/K+/2Cl--co-transporter from shark, triggers auxin-independent growth of tobacco protoplasts [13].
 

Chemical compound and disease context of Carbimide

  • More importantly, induction of myelin-specific tolerance to relapse-associated epitopes, by i.v. injection of ethylene carbodiimide-fixed peptide-pulsed APCs, either before disease initiation or during remission from acute disease effectively blocks the expression of the initial disease relapse [14].
  • A carbodiimide with a photoactivatable diazirine substituent was synthesized and incubated with the Na(+)-translocating F(1)F(0) ATP synthase from both Propionigenium modestum and Ilyobacter tartaricus [15].
  • The secondary structure of mouse Ehrlich ascites 18S, 5.8S and 28S ribosomal RNA in situ was investigated by chemical modification using dimethyl sulphate and 1-cyclohexyl-3-(morpholinoethyl) carbodiimide metho-p-toluene sulphonate [16].
  • The spin labels anhydride (ASL), bromoacetamide (BSL) and carbodiimide (CSL) were used to label selectively tRNAGlu, tRNA fMet and tRNAPhe from E. coli [17].
  • In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving five male alcoholic volunteers, oral administration of 0.7 mg/kg of calcium carbimide (CC) 12 hr before ingestion of ethanol (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 gm/kg) produced an interaction consisting of increased blood acetaldehyde level, tachycardia, and decreased diastolic blood pressure [18].
 

Biological context of Carbimide

  • Second, the at-risk CCC haplotype (P=.00058 and .0018 in case-control and TDT studies, respectively) revealed lower transcriptional activity (P=2.2x10-7) and was associated with lower expression (P=3.1x10-5) compared with neutral and protective haplotypes [19].
  • The majority of EPM1 alleles contain large expansions of a dodecamer repeat, CCC CGC CCC GCG, located upstream of the 5' transcription start site of the cystatin B gene; normal alleles contain two or three copies of this repeat [20].
  • Third, we found that an allele of SNP4 (rs4950928), the tagging SNP of CCC, impaired the MYC/MAX-regulated transcriptional activation of CHI3L1 by altering the transcriptional-factor consensus sequences, and this may be responsible for the decreased expression of the CCC haplotype [19].
  • A point mutation (C to T transition at nucleotide position 19,297) that results in coding for serine (TCC) in place of proline (CCC) at amino acid position 343 was found [21].
  • Biotinylation of erythropoietin at carboxylate groups using biotin-amidocaproyl hydrazide plus 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide led to substantial biological inactivation, although biotinylated molecules retained detectable activity when prepared at low stoichiometries [22].
 

Anatomical context of Carbimide

 

Associations of Carbimide with other chemical compounds

  • Other ALDH inhibitors, such as disulfiram (Antabuse) and calcium citrate carbimide (Temposil), have also been shown to suppress ethanol intake of laboratory animals and are thought to act by inhibiting the metabolism of acetaldehyde produced from ingested ethanol [28].
  • The mechanism of morphological phase transitions was studied for rod-shaped supramolecular assemblies comprised of a poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(methyl acrylate)-block-polystyrene (PAA(90)-b-PMA(80)-b-PS(100)) triblock copolymer in 33% tetrahydrofuran/water after perturbation by reaction with a positively charged water-soluble carbodiimide [29].
  • The mutation (CTC: leucine, wild-type to CCC: proline, mutant) eliminates a Sac I restriction site, facilitating analysis of the mutation in the propositi (both homozygotes), unaffected family members (8 heterozygotes and 8 wild-type), and 58 normal controls (116 wild-type alleles) [30].
  • DNA sequencing analysis showed compound heterozygosity for two independent single nucleotide substitutions: from Tyr (TAC) to Cys (TGC) at residue 88, and from Ala (GCC) to Pro (CCC) at residue 108 in her GPIb beta gene [31].
  • Polystyrene (PS) labware products (microtiter plates, test tubes, etc.) show radiation (gamma) dose-dependent carbodiimide (EDC)-mediated uptake of carboxyl-containing molecules such as DNP-[3H]Gly [32].
 

Gene context of Carbimide

  • Mutation was detected by sequence analysis of the p53 gene at codon 155: ACC [Thr] --> CCC [Pro] [33].
  • Carboxyl groups of bovine RNase A were amidated with ethylenediamine (to convert negative charges of carboxylate anions to positive ones), 2-aminoethanol (to eliminate negative charges), and taurine (to keep negative charges), respectively, by a carbodiimide reaction [34].
  • In addition, nucleotide changes at positions 350-351 (GG to CC) and 497-499 (GGG to CCC) of the NAT1 gene were not found in the alleles of the populations studied [35].
  • It is shown that fixation of the AC with carbodiimide or treatment of the AC with UV light greatly reduces their capacity to induce (in combination with IL2) the synthesis of IFN-gamma by T cells [36].
  • We analyzed 3 polymorphisms, from codons 10 (TCT to TCC), 325 (CCC to CCG) and 594 (ACA to ACG) of ESRalpha, and a highly polymorphic dinucleotide repeat, D5S207, located within 200 kb of the GRL [37].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Carbimide

  • In order to test this hypothesis, we studied covalent modification of carboxyl groups with carbodiimides using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and demonstrate that substrate protects the permease against carbodiimide reactivity [38].
  • Site-directed mutagenesis has been used to change the nucleotide C in the wobble position of tRNA(1Gly) (CCC) to U [39].
  • After treatment with a carbodiimide and exogenous nucleophile the Na,K-ATPase has modified carboxyl residues but is not inhibited [40].
  • Electron microscopy studies have shown that the structure of the complex of myosin subfragment 1 (S-1) cross-linked to actin with 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethyl-amino) propyl] carbodiimide is very different in the presence and absence of ATP (Craig, R., Greene, L. E., and Eisenberg, E. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 82, 3247-3251) [41].
  • To address this deficiency, MMOH and MMOR were cross-linked by a carbodiimide reagent and analyzed by specific proteolysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and capillary high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry [42].

References

  1. Estrogen receptor polymorphism at codon 325 and risk of breast cancer in women before age forty. Southey, M.C., Batten, L.E., McCredie, M.R., Giles, G.G., Dite, G., Hopper, J.L., Venter, D.J. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1998) [Pubmed]
  2. Genetic relatedness in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Sanderson, K.E. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. (1976) [Pubmed]
  3. Evidence for use of rare codons in the dnaG gene and other regulatory genes of Escherichia coli. Konigsberg, W., Godson, G.N. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1983) [Pubmed]
  4. Analysis of alkaptonuria (AKU) mutations and polymorphisms reveals that the CCC sequence motif is a mutational hot spot in the homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase gene (HGO). Beltrán-Valero de Bernabé, D., Jimenez, F.J., Aquaron, R., Rodríguez de Córdoba, S. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (1999) [Pubmed]
  5. Carbodiimide enhancement of complement-dependent antibody-mediated tumor cell lysis in vitro and antitumor activity in vivo. Fawwaz, R.A., Tenforde, T.S., Mehlberg, W.H. Cancer Res. (1975) [Pubmed]
  6. Development of a vaccine of cross-linked heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins that protects against Escherichia coli producing either enterotoxin. Klipstein, F.A., Engert, R.F., Clements, J.D. Infect. Immun. (1982) [Pubmed]
  7. The prevalence of mental health problems in children 1(1/2) years of age - the Copenhagen Child Cohort 2000. Skovgaard, A.M., Houmann, T., Christiansen, E., Landorph, S., Jørgensen, T., Olsen, E.M., Heering, K., Kaas-Nielsen, S., Samberg, V., Lichtenberg, A. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines (2007) [Pubmed]
  8. Using a parental checklist to identify diagnostic groups in children with communication impairment: a validation of the Children's Communication Checklist--2. Norbury, C.F., Nash, M., Baird, G., Bishop, D. International journal of language & communication disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. (2004) [Pubmed]
  9. Changing the DNA-binding specificity of a repressor. Youderian, P., Vershon, A., Bouvier, S., Sauer, R.T., Susskind, M.M. Cell (1983) [Pubmed]
  10. Structure of the actin-myosin interface. Mornet, D., Bertrand, R., Pantel, P., Audemard, E., Kassab, R. Nature (1981) [Pubmed]
  11. DNA deaminating ability and genotoxicity of nitric oxide and its progenitors. Wink, D.A., Kasprzak, K.S., Maragos, C.M., Elespuru, R.K., Misra, M., Dunams, T.M., Cebula, T.A., Koch, W.H., Andrews, A.W., Allen, J.S. Science (1991) [Pubmed]
  12. Properties of gastric antrum. III. Selectivity and modification of shunt conductance. Bajaj, S.C., Spenney, J.G., Sachs, G. Gastroenterology (1977) [Pubmed]
  13. A plant cation-chloride co-transporter promoting auxin-independent tobacco protoplast division. Harling, H., Czaja, I., Schell, J., Walden, R. EMBO J. (1997) [Pubmed]
  14. Pathologic role and temporal appearance of newly emerging autoepitopes in relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Vanderlugt, C.L., Neville, K.L., Nikcevich, K.M., Eagar, T.N., Bluestone, J.A., Miller, S.D. J. Immunol. (2000) [Pubmed]
  15. Membrane topography of the coupling ion binding site in Na+-translocating F1F0 ATP synthase. von Ballmoos, C., Appoldt, Y., Brunner, J., Granier, T., Vasella, A., Dimroth, P. J. Biol. Chem. (2002) [Pubmed]
  16. Probing the structure of mouse Ehrlich ascites cell 5.8S, 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA in situ. Holmberg, L., Melander, Y., Nygård, O. Nucleic Acids Res. (1994) [Pubmed]
  17. Specific spin-labeling of transfer ribonucleic acid molecules. Caron, M., Dugas, H. Nucleic Acids Res. (1976) [Pubmed]
  18. The calcium carbimide-ethanol interaction: effects of ethanol dose. Brien, J.F., Peachey, J.E., Loomis, C.W., Rogers, B.J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1979) [Pubmed]
  19. Functional Variants in the Promoter Region of Chitinase 3-Like 1 (CHI3L1) and Susceptibility to Schizophrenia. Zhao, X., Tang, R., Gao, B., Shi, Y., Zhou, J., Guo, S., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Tang, W., Meng, J., Li, S., Wang, H., Ma, G., Lin, C., Xiao, Y., Feng, G., Lin, Z., Zhu, S., Xing, Y., Sang, H., St Clair, D., He, L. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (2007) [Pubmed]
  20. A PCR amplification method reveals instability of the dodecamer repeat in progressive myoclonus epilepsy (EPM1) and no correlation between the size of the repeat and age at onset. Lalioti, M.D., Scott, H.S., Genton, P., Grid, D., Ouazzani, R., M'Rabet, A., Ibrahim, S., Gouider, R., Dravet, C., Chkili, T., Bottani, A., Buresi, C., Malafosse, A., Antonarakis, S.E. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (1998) [Pubmed]
  21. Molecular defect in coagulation factor XFriuli results from a substitution of serine for proline at position 343. James, H.L., Girolami, A., Fair, D.S. Blood (1991) [Pubmed]
  22. Biotinylated recombinant human erythropoietins: bioactivity and utility as receptor ligand. Wojchowski, D.M., Caslake, L. Blood (1989) [Pubmed]
  23. Coupling of protein antigens to erythrocytes through disulfide bond formation: preparation of stable and sensitive target cells for immune hemolysis. Jou, Y.H., Bankert, R.B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1981) [Pubmed]
  24. CTLA-4 regulates expansion and differentiation of Th1 cells following induction of peripheral T cell tolerance. Eagar, T.N., Turley, D.M., Padilla, J., Karandikar, N.J., Tan, L., Bluestone, J.A., Miller, S.D. J. Immunol. (2004) [Pubmed]
  25. Anti-Sm autoantibodies in MRL mice: in vitro detection and generation of antibody-forming cells. Cohen, P.L., Eisenberg, R.A. J. Immunol. (1982) [Pubmed]
  26. Studies with carbodiimide-cross-linked derivatives of bovine lutropin. II. Location of the cross-link and implication for interaction with the receptors in testes. Weare, J.A., Reichert, L.E. J. Biol. Chem. (1979) [Pubmed]
  27. Stabilization of human neutrophil NADPH oxidase activated in a cell-free system by cytosolic proteins and by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide. Tamura, M., Takeshita, M., Curnutte, J.T., Uhlinger, D.J., Lambeth, J.D. J. Biol. Chem. (1992) [Pubmed]
  28. Daidzin suppresses ethanol consumption by Syrian golden hamsters without blocking acetaldehyde metabolism. Keung, W.M., Lazo, O., Kunze, L., Vallee, B.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1995) [Pubmed]
  29. Chemically induced supramolecular reorganization of triblock copolymer assemblies: trapping of intermediate states via a shell-crosslinking methodology. Ma, Q., Remsen, E.E., Clark, C.G., Kowalewski, T., Wooley, K.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2002) [Pubmed]
  30. The genetic defect in two well-studied cases of Bernard-Soulier syndrome: a point mutation in the fifth leucine-rich repeat of platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha. Li, C., Martin, S.E., Roth, G.J. Blood (1995) [Pubmed]
  31. Missense mutations of the glycoprotein (GP) Ib beta gene impairing the GPIb alpha/beta disulfide linkage in a family with giant platelet disorder. Kunishima, S., Lopez, J.A., Kobayashi, S., Imai, N., Kamiya, T., Saito, H., Naoe, T. Blood (1997) [Pubmed]
  32. Binding of a mouse monoclonal IgE (anti-DNP) antibody to radio-derivatized polystyrene-DNP complexes. Varga, J.M., Klein, G.F., Fritsch, P. FASEB J. (1990) [Pubmed]
  33. Inhibition of mutant p53 expression and growth of DMS-153 small cell lung carcinoma by antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone and bombesin. Kanashiro, C.A., Schally, A.V., Groot, K., Armatis, P., Bernardino, A.L., Varga, J.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2003) [Pubmed]
  34. Preparation of potent cytotoxic ribonucleases by cationization: enhanced cellular uptake and decreased interaction with ribonuclease inhibitor by chemical modification of carboxyl groups. Futami, J., Maeda, T., Kitazoe, M., Nukui, E., Tada, H., Seno, M., Kosaka, M., Yamada, H. Biochemistry (2001) [Pubmed]
  35. Detection of mutations and polymorphism of N-acetyltransferase 1 gene in Indian, Malay and Chinese populations. Zhao, B., Lee, E.J., Yeoh, P.N., Gong, N.H. Pharmacogenetics (1998) [Pubmed]
  36. Components of an antigen-/T cell receptor-independent pathway of lymphokine production. Germann, T., Jin, S.C., Mattner, F., Rüde, E. Eur. J. Immunol. (1991) [Pubmed]
  37. Association of estrogen receptor and glucocorticoid receptor gene polymorphisms with sporadic breast cancer. Curran, J.E., Lea, R.A., Rutherford, S., Weinstein, S.R., Griffiths, L.R. Int. J. Cancer (2001) [Pubmed]
  38. Elucidation of substrate binding interactions in a membrane transport protein by mass spectrometry. Weinglass, A.B., Whitelegge, J.P., Hu, Y., Verner, G.E., Faull, K.F., Kaback, H.R. EMBO J. (2003) [Pubmed]
  39. Codon discrimination and anticodon structural context. Lustig, F., Borén, T., Guindy, Y.S., Elias, P., Samuelsson, T., Gehrke, C.W., Kuo, K.C., Lagerkvist, U. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1989) [Pubmed]
  40. Carbodiimide inactivation of Na,K-ATPase. A consequence of internal cross-linking and not carboxyl group modification. Pedemonte, C.H., Kaplan, J.H. J. Biol. Chem. (1986) [Pubmed]
  41. The conformation of cross-linked actin.S-1 in the presence and absence of ATP. King, R.T., Greene, L.E. J. Biol. Chem. (1987) [Pubmed]
  42. Structural features of covalently cross-linked hydroxylase and reductase proteins of soluble methane monooxygenase as revealed by mass spectrometric analysis. Kopp, D.A., Berg, E.A., Costello, C.E., Lippard, S.J. J. Biol. Chem. (2003) [Pubmed]
 
WikiGenes - Universities