Disease relevance of hyoscyamine

• We introduced the hydroxylase gene from Hyoscyamus niger under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter into hyoscyamine-rich Atropa belladonna by the use of an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system [1].
• STUDY OBJECTIVE: We evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single dose of hyoscyamine sulfate in combination with ketorolac tromethamine for the reduction of pain in emergency department patients with ureteral colic [2].
• The only adverse effect seen during the study was a 27% incidence of sinus tachycardia that occurred in patients receiving hyoscyamine [3].
• In this review, we report the characterization of two enzymes: the established radical SAM enzyme, HemN or oxygen-independent coproporphyrinogen III oxidase from Escherichia coli, and littorine mutase, a presumed radical SAM enzyme, responsible for the conversion of littorine to hyoscyamine in plants [4].
• In this 3-month toxicity study, a mixture of scopolamine and hyoscyamine (98:2) was incorporated at four total alkaloid levels (1.5, 15, 75 or 150 mg/kg feed) into a control diet fed to 100 broilers [5].

High impact information on hyoscyamine

• Pancreas: does hyoscyamine butylbromide increase the diagnostic value of helical CT [6]?
• Calystegines are nortropane alkaloids that are found in Solanaceae containing the classical tropane alkaloids hyoscyamine and scopolamine, and in other Solanaceae such as potato, Solanum tuberosum (L.). Calystegines are assumed to derive from the classical tropane alkaloid pathway [7].
• We found negative directional selection for scopolamine (natural selection acting to reduce scopolamine levels) and stabilizing selection for hyoscyamine (natural selection acting to maintain an intermediate level of hyoscyamine) [8].
• With the isomers of hyoscyamine there was no striking difference between the affinity for receptors in atria and those in ileum, which is consistent with the low selectivity reported for atropine (racemic hyoscyamine) [9].
• PURPOSE: Premedication with glucagon or hyoscyamine is reported to be effective in reducing colonic spasm [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of hyoscyamine

• Dicyclomine and hyoscyamine, the two myorelaxants available in the United States, have not been proven effective in reducing abdominal pain in patients with IBS [11].

Biological context of hyoscyamine

• Biotransformation of hyoscyamine by suspension cultures of Anisodus tanguticus [12].
• Hyoscyamine 6 beta-hydroxylase (H6H), a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of scopolamine, catalyzes the hydroxylation of hyoscyamine and epoxide formation from 6 beta-hydroxyhyoscyamine to generate scopolamine [13].
• N. tabacum hairy roots carrying the 35S-h6h transgene showed a more efficient uptake of hyoscyamine from the culture medium and a higher rate of bioconversion of hyoscyamine to scopolamine than those of H. muticus [14].
• The assay is more selective for scopolamine (percent cross-reactions for hyoscyamine = 0.21%, 6-hydroxy-hyoscyamine = 0.17%) than previously reported immunoassays [15].
• In order to increase the production of the pharmaceuticals hyoscyamine and scopolamine in hairy root cultures, a binary vector system was developed to introduce the T-DNA of the Ri plasmid together with the tobacco pmt gene under the control of CaMV 35S promoter, into the genome of Datura metel and Hyoscyamus muticus [16].

Anatomical context of hyoscyamine

• The highest rates of hyoscyamine production by cell line DS 1 were obtained with full strength B5 medium with 5% sucrose at either 20 degrees C or 25 degrees C. Under these conditions, rates of hyoscyamine formation of up to 7.4 mg/l/d were observed under batch culture conditions [17].
• Constitutive inhibitory action of muscarinic receptors on adenylyl cyclase in cardiac membranes and its stereospecific suppression by hyoscyamine [18].
• Teratogenic effects of a mixture of scopolamine and hyoscyamine in chick embryos [19].
• No apparent correlation was found between the analgesic activity and antimuscarinic activity on M1, M2 and M3 receptors, whereas striking differences exist between the affinity values of the analgesic enantiomer of hyoscyamine (R-(+)-1) and those of the inactive isomers of 2 on the muscarinic receptor present in immature guinea pig uterus [20].

Associations of hyoscyamine with other chemical compounds

• Patients receiving hyoscyamine sulfate reported being more comfortable during their procedures ( p < 0.001) and were more willing to repeat colonoscopy in the future (p = 0.0001) [3].
• At least 1% of elderly members received belladonna alkaloids (2.3%), dicyclomine (1.1%), or hyoscyamine (1.2%), each of which multiple expert panels have classified as always inappropriate in patients aged 65 years and older [21].
• The mean percentage recovery of hyoscyamine ranged from 99.73 to 101.03 from three mixtures; from the magnesium trisilicate and belladonna mixture, it was 94 [22].
• Duboisia samples were analyzed for scopolamine and hyoscyamine using GLC, by a slope ratio method, and by methods employing homatropine, tetraphenylethylene, and phenylacetyltropine as internal standards [23].
• Simultaneous determination of scopolamine, hyoscyamine and littorine in plants and different hairy root clones of Hyoscyamus muticus by micellar electrokinetic chromatography [24].

Gene context of hyoscyamine

• Glucagon is expensive and hyoscyamine has side effects [25].
• Feeding root cultures with (RS)-phenyl[1,3-(13)C(2)]lactic acid led to (13)C spin-spin coupling detected on C-1' and C-2' of the hyoscyamine skeleton, which validated the intramolecular rearrangement of littorine into hyoscyamine [26].
• Isolation and GC-MS analyses of the isotope incorporation into the resultant hyoscyamine does not support the involvement of a vicinal interchange process operating during the isomerisation of littorine to hyoscyamine [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of hyoscyamine

• Capillary zone electrophoresis, coupled to UV and interfaced with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), is described for the simultaneous analysis of hyoscyamine and scopolamine [28].
• Hyoscyamine as a pharmacological adjunct in colonoscopy: a randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled trial [29].
• The aim of this study is to determine the effects of premedication with hyoscyamine, an anticholinergic antispasmodic, on outcomes in colonoscopy [29].
• The possible benefit of a well-tolerated, low-cost antispasmodic medication, sublingual hyoscyamine, used before flexible sigmoidoscopy was assessed in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial [30].
• Strategies for supercritical fluid extraction of hyoscyamine and scopolamine salts using basified modifiers [31].

References