Disease relevance of ketorolac

• BACKGROUND: Acute renal failure has been associated with parenteral ketorolac tromethamine, but the risk that is associated with this therapy has not been quantified [1].
• Ketorolac tromethamine-induced acute pancreatitis [2].
• Renal failure and hyperkalemia associated with ketorolac tromethamine [3].
• Selective severe anaphylactic reaction due to ketorolac tromethamine without nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug intolerance [4].
• Ketorolac tromethamine oral rinse has been shown to resolve another COX-dependent process, periodontal disease, without incurring gastrointestinal side effects [5].

High impact information on ketorolac

• METHODS: Analgesic efficacy of intravenous LY293558 (0.4 or 1.2 mg/kg) was compared with that of intravenous ketorolac tromethamine (INN, ketorolac; 30 mg) and placebo in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study after oral surgery (n = 70) [6].
• Six female rhesus macaques were immunized orally and intranasally at 0 weeks and intratracheally at 12 weeks with an adenovirus type 5 host range mutant (Ad5hr)-simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsm env recombinant and at 24 and 36 weeks with native SIVmac251 gp120 in Syntex adjuvant [7].
• Therefore, a soluble CD4-gp120 complex in Syntex adjuvant formulation was tested with mice for its ability to induce neutralizing anti-gp120 antibody responses [8].
• Effects of ketorolac tromethamine on hemostasis in volunteers [9].
• The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents ketorolac tromethamine and diclofenac sodium augmented the effect of BMP2 on corneal fibroblast apoptosis [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of ketorolac

• Topically administered ketorolac (Acular), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, has recently been reported as clinically beneficial for treating allergic conjunctivitis [11].
• Thirteen infants, 2 to 10 months of age, developed hypochloremic alkalosis (serum chloride 59 to 92 mEq/l) while taking Neo-Mull-Soy (Syntex), a soy-based formula low in chloride (measured to be 0 to 2 mEq/l) but with considerable potassium citrate [12].
• Topical ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% versus diclofenac sodium 0.1% to inhibit miosis during cataract surgery [13].
• CONCLUSION: IM ketorolac tromethamine is less effective than meperidine in the ED treatment of severe migraine [14].
• Sublingual hyoscyamine sulfate in combination with ketorolac tromethamine for ureteral colic: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial [15].

Biological context of ketorolac

• Clinical pharmacokinetics of ketorolac tromethamine [16].
• Both prostanoid biosynthesis and platelet aggregation were inhibited by ketorolac tromethamine for a significantly longer period of time than by both doses of dipyrone [17].
• Background: Ketorolac tromethamine 0.5 percent ophthalmic solution is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in ophthalmology [18].
• When mice and rats were given oral solutions of (-)S and (+) KT, it was found that the kinetics and interconversion of the enantiomers were species and dose dependent [19].
• The effect of ketorolac tromethamine, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, on normal phagocytosis has been studied [20].

Anatomical context of ketorolac

• Ketorolac tromethamine, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent of the pyrrolo-pyrrole group, was assayed for inhibitory effects on polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in a variety of systems [21].
• Ketorolac tromethamine (Toradol, Syntex Laboratories Inc, Palo Alto, CA) is a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used in emergency departments and during the postoperative period because of its potent analgesic effects and lack of central nervous system activities [22].
• Quantitative assessment of postsurgical breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier following administration of 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine solution. A double-masked, paired comparison with vehicle-placebo solution study [23].
• Effects on biliary tract pressure in humans of intravenous ketorolac tromethamine compared with morphine and placebo [24].
• In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 207 patients with moderate pain after surgical removal of impacted third molars were randomly assigned to receive a single oral dose of 10 mg of ketorolac tromethamine, 10 mg of hydrocodone plus 1000 mg of acetaminophen, or placebo [25].

Associations of ketorolac with other chemical compounds

• A randomised, double-blind study of patients after upper abdominal surgery was undertaken to assess the analgesic efficacy of ketorolac tromethamine, a new, parenteral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent [26].
• CONCLUSIONS: Ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution 0.5% was as effective as loteprednol etabonate ophthalmic suspension 0.5% in reducing inflammation after routine phacoemulsification and IOL implantation [27].
• They divided the 40 cases into 2 groups: subacromial infusion group with 0.5% bupivacaine (group 1, 20 cases) and intravenous injection group with fentanyl and ketorolac tromethamine (group 2, 20 cases) [28].
• Formalin tests showed that both phase I and phase II responses of ketorolac tromethamine groups were significantly less than those of the control group [29].
• METHODS: Thirty-six patients were prospectively and randomly assigned to receive topical treatment with either ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% or rimexolone 1% starting the day after routine cataract extraction [30].

Gene context of ketorolac

• Immunomodulation with interleukin-10 and interleukin-4 compared with ketorolac tromethamine for prevention of postoperative adhesions in a murine model [31].
• IC50 values for inhibition of purified COX-1 and COX-2 in vitro were slightly lower for lysine clonixinate (2.4 and 24.6 micrograms/ml, respectively) than for ketorolac tromethamine (3.7 and 25.6 micrograms/ml, respectively) [32].
• Incubation of renal tissue from fasted rats with physiologic concentrations of insulin, ethanol, and Toradol also reduced 11 beta-HSD activity by 20% to 40% (P < .05-.01) [33].
• The CT values of a variety of materials were studied in an EMI and a Syntex head scanner [34].
• OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of topical 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution (Acular, Allergen Pharmaceuticals, Irvine, Calif) with topical 0.03% flurbiprofen sodium ophthalmic solution (Ocufen, Allergen Pharmaceuticals) on the inhibition of surgically induced miosis during phacoemulsification cataract surgery [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of ketorolac

• Three patients who were treated with ketorolac tromethamine (Toradol), an injectable nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for pain management, developed acute renal failure or hyperkalemia or both [3].
• The analgesic effects of 1 mg ketorolac tromethamine without a reduction in PGE(2) at the site of injury suggests an additional central site for NSAID analgesia [36].
• The effect of ketorolac tromethamine solution 0.5% in reducing postoperative inflammation after cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation [37].
• CONCLUSIONS: Premedication with IV KT (Toradol) improves pain control during colonoscopy with no associated serious complications [38].
• Lack of efficacy of ketorolac tromethamine for analgesia on patients undergoing colonoscopy [39].

References