Disease relevance of carbonic acid

• Lactic acidosis was defined as lactate > 5 mmol/l with bicarbonate < 20 mmol/l. The suspected offending NRTI in the prior regimen were replaced with other NRTI thought to have equivalent antiviral potency but less mitochondrial toxicity [1].
• Patients treated with subcutaneous lispro received an initial injection of 0.3 unit/kg followed by 0.1 unit/kg/h until correction of hyperglycemia (blood glucose levels <250 mg/dL), followed by 0.05 to 0.1 unit/kg/h until resolution of diabetic ketoacidosis (pH > or =7.3, bicarbonate > or =18 mEq/L) [2].
• RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 22 patients admitted to a Belfast teaching hospital with clinical and biochemical features of diabetic ketoacidosis (pH < 7.25 and/or bicarbonate < 16 mmol/l) were randomized to either conventional or extended insulin regimens [3].
• Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IV facilitates renal acidification by catalyzing the dehydration of luminal H(2)CO(3) [4].
• The data show that bicarbonate, independent of blood pH, alters transcellular potassium distribution suggesting the usefulness of bicarbonate therapy in hyperkalemia even at a compensated blood pH [5].

Psychiatry related information on carbonic acid

• Lithium (Eskalith) is commonly used in the treatment of depressive and bipolar affective disorders, in a population at relatively high risk for overdose [6].

High impact information on carbonic acid

• RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--Consecutive patients admitted during a 3-month period with a primary diagnosis of DKA and who had moderate-to-severe illness as shown by serum glucose > 13.9 mmol/l ( > 250 mg/dl), bicarbonate < 15 mmol/l, and pH < 7.35 were studied [7].
• Basolateral CA enhances the efflux of bicarbonate via dehydration of H(2)CO(3) [8].
• Luminal membrane CAs facilitate the dehydration of carbonic acid (H(2)CO(3)) that is formed when secreted protons combine with filtered bicarbonate [8].
• Review article: duodenal bicarbonate - mucosal protection, luminal chemosensing and acid-base balance [9].
• All of them presented with severe pancreatic insufficiency (secretin test: bicarbonate < or = 40 mEq/L) and steatorrhea (fecal fat > 7 g/day) and had been abstinent from alcohol for a median of 2.5 yr (range 1-15 yr) [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of carbonic acid

• Between January 1993 and April 1994, 5 patients with cystic fibrosis, aged 4-9 months, were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, University of Berne, Switzerland, with acute, severe metabolic alkalosis (sodium < 133 mmol/l, plasma potassium < 3.5, chloride < 85, bicarbonate > 35.0 mmol/l, blood pH > 7.43) [11].

Biological context of carbonic acid

• The bioavailability of sorbed U(VI) was manipulated by addition of low-level carbonate (< 5 mM) followed by ethanol (1-1.5 mM) [12].
• The rank of the different chemical groups' susceptibility to hydrolysis was as follows: nonhydrogen bonded carbonate > nonhydrogen bonded urethane > hydrogen bonded carbonate > hydrogen bonded urethane [13].
• A modeling example demonstrates how different kinetics for each step in the degradation of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) leads to observed patterns in experimental results, such as a delay in the release of H(2)CO(3) after NTA is removed from solution [14].
• The single dose pharmacokinetics of 4 lithium preparations (Camcolit-400, Priadel, Liskonum, Litarex) and a new micro-encapsulated formulation were compared in normal volunteers using a balanced cross-over design [15].
• Each stoichiometric relationship developed predicts substrate utilization, cell growth, and the formation of other products (e.g., H(2)CO(3) or H(+)) for one step in the pathway to full mineralization [14].

Anatomical context of carbonic acid

• Integrity of the corneal endothelium was demonstrated following exposure to CPTES medium at 0 degree C: control of corneal hydration and the presence of an active bicarbonate - dependent pump were demonstrated by specular microscopy; normal ultrastructure of the endothelial layer was revealed by electron microscopy [16].
• Lithium distribution in body fluids and organs after treatment with Quilonum Retard (R) (lithium carbonate) [17].

Associations of carbonic acid with other chemical compounds

• 1. One hundred and eighty 1-d-old broiler chicks were used to evaluate the effect upon broiler performance during severely hot summer months of three different sodium salts: sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium sulphate (Na2SO4), in starter and finisher diets having an identical electrolyte balance (DEB) of 250 mEq/kg [18].
• METHODS AND MATERIALS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham surgery or a two-step 5/6th nephrectomy to induce CRF and randomized across five treatment groups: sham, CRF, CRF + dietary phosphorus deficiency, CRF + lanthanum carbonate (1000 mg/kg/ day), and CRF + lanthanum carbonate + parenteral phosphorus repletion [19].
• The purpose of this study was to compare the relationship of ventilation (VE) with pH, arterial concentrations of potassium [( K+]a), bicarbonate [( HCO3-]a), lactate [( la]a), and acid-base parameters which would affect hyperpnoea during exercise and recovery [20].
• The glass-forming reactions between sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and silica (SiO2) have been investigated by 23Na, 29Si, and 13C magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy [21].
• The tested wastewaters were from the tanning process both without and with tanning additives, whereas the precipitating chemicals of interest were magnesium oxide (MgO) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) [22].

Gene context of carbonic acid

• The rate of iron exchange from the oxalate - iron - transferrin complex was much lower than from bicarbonate - iron - transferrin [23].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of carbonic acid

• The effect of two dialysate buffer bases--acetate and bicarbonate - on lipid profile in chronic renal failure was studied in nine patients on maintenance hemodialysis, employing a double crossover method [24].
• The number of acidotic patients (venous plasma bicarbonate < 24 mmol/L) was statistically significantly reduced at every treatment period visit in the Bic/Lac group (p < 0.05).There were no adverse findings with respect to vital signs, physical examination, or clinical symptoms, apart from one death in the control group [25].
• Carbonic acid buffer species measured in real time with an intracellular microelectrode array [26].

References