Disease relevance of urethane

• Genetic influence on type 2 or Clara cell origin of pulmonary adenomas in urethan-treated mice [1].
• Outbred Swiss Cox mice of both sexes were given single ip injections of 0.5--2.0 mg urethan/g body weight [2].
• BALB/cCrgl, C57BL/Ki, and (C57BL/Ki X DBAf)F1 mice were treated with 7,12-diemthylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) or urethan to determine conditions that would induce a high frequency of ductal hyperplasias in the mammary gland [3].
• The predominant mammary lesions in urethan-treated, pituitary isograft-bearing C57BL and (C57BL X DBAf)F1 mice were terminal duct (lobular) hyperplasias characterized by intraluminal epithelial hyperplasia; the urethan-induced mammary tumors were a mixture of adenocarcinomas (36%), adenoacanthomas (5%), and fibroadenomas (59%) [3].
• Effect of reovirus infection on pulmonary tumor response to urethan in strain A mice [4].

Psychiatry related information on urethane

• Similar tracks in chronically implanted rats showed evoked firing at numerous sites during wakefulness but not during anesthesia (pentobarbital or urethane) [5].
• After this discrimination learning was accomplished in 3-5 days, the rats were anesthetized with urethane (1.5 g/kg, i.p.), and neural responses were recorded in SI during flutter stimuli applied to the contralateral hindpaw [6].
• Spontaneous firing rates and changes in firing rate in response to an intravenously administered dose of apomorphine were measured after various electroconvulsive shock (ECS) treatment regimens from dopaminergic cells of the substantia nigra in urethane-anesthetized rats [7].
• Under several conditions (W, SWS, and urethan), when cells exhibited bursts >20%, the variability of their response latency was reduced in burst mode compared with single-spike mode [8].
• Under urethane anesthesia, animals exhibit patterns of cortical activity similar to those seen in wake, drowsiness and slow-wave sleep in unanesthetized animals [9].

High impact information on urethane

• Furthermore, Pyran-activated maternal macrophages could pass through the placenta, and enhanced urethane-induced cell killing (but not somatic mutation) in the embryo [10].
• An Eco-RI restriction fragment length polymorphism occurring in a DNA fragment containing the first exon of the murine KRAS2 gene was shown to correlate with the inherited susceptibility of inbred strains of mice to urethan (CAS: 51-79-6)-induced pulmonary adenomas [11].
• Urethan (CAS: 51-79-6)-induced pulmonary adenomas that arise from either alveolar type II pneumocytes of bronchiolar Clara cells have distinct histologic growth patterns and can thus be distinguished from each other [12].
• A U+ B- phenotype (urethan inducible but unresponsive to BHT enhancement) also was found among the recombinant inbred lines originally derived from a cross between U+B+ BALB/-cByJ and U-/B- C57BL/6ByJ progenitor strains [13].
• Cell kinetic studies showed that BHT given in the diet produced increased proliferation of type II alveolar cells during the first 2 weeks and that initial cell proliferation was delayed in urethan-treated animals [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of urethane

• Food additive butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (CAS: 128-37-0; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol) can modulate the formation of lung adenomas in mice treated with the carcinogen urethan (CAS: 51-79-6; ethyl ester carbamic acid) [13].
• Administration of urethan (CAS: 51-79-6; carbamic acid, ethyl ester) in the drinking water of breeding female mice of the murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV)-positive DD/Tbr strain and the MuMTV-negative DDf strain induced so-called keratinized nodules, which were demonstrable in wholemount preparations of mammary glands [15].
• Brain and spinal sites of action of the stable thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, RX 77368 [pGlu-His-(3,3'-dimethyl)-Pro-NH2], for stimulation of gastric acid secretion have been investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats with gastric fistula [16].
• Corticotropin-releasing factor suppressed pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid output at intravenous doses of 4-17 nmol X kg-1 X h-1 in urethane-anesthetized, gastric fistula rats and at 0.1-1-nmol X kg-1 X h-1 doses in conscious, gastric-fistula dogs [17].
• Mice received i.p. injections of either 1 g/kg body weight of urethane twice a week for 2 weeks or 20 mg/kg body weight of dimethylhydrazine once a week for 10 weeks and were analyzed after 10 and 60 weeks, respectively [18].

Biological context of urethane

• When BALB mice were crossed with either of these more sensitive strains the response of the progeny to urethan was most easily explained by a single gene which regulates susceptibility, with the more resistant phenotype behaving as a dominant trait [19].
• On the other hand, repeated stimulation of cell growth after urethan treatment enhanced tumorigenesis [20].
• Relationship of lung adenoma prevalence and growth rate to acute urethan dose and target cell number [2].
• In normal adult rats anesthetized with urethane, intravenous injections of beta-endorphin (30--150 micrograms kg-1) induced a transient fall of blood pressure followed by a small hypertension and a prolonged hypotension [21].
• We present numerical estimates for the probability of initiated cell death for different schedules (and doses) of urethane administration [22].

Anatomical context of urethane

• Inhibition of the activity of mouse natural killer cells by urethan [23].
• No correlation was found between the susceptibility of various sublines to urethan-induced lung adenoma and the reported relative tumoricidal capacities of the peritoneal macrophages from these sublines [19].
• The somatostatin monoclonal antibody dose dependently increased basal gastric acid secretion in urethane-anesthetized rats [24].
• METHODS: We measured pelvic organ smooth muscle and striated muscle reflexes during micturition and colorectal distention (CRD) in urethane-anesthetized rats [25].
• METHODS: The bile duct was cannulated in urethane-anesthetized and bile acid-compensated rats [26].

Associations of urethane with other chemical compounds

• BACKGROUND & AIMS: Central vagal stimulation induced by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogue RX 77368 injected intracisternally in urethane-anesthetized rats is gastroprotective [27].
• Under urethane anesthesia, the proximal duodenal loop was perfused with saline that was gassed with 100% O(2), heated at 37 degrees C, and kept in a reservoir, and HCO(3)(-) secretion was measured at pH 7.0 using a pH-stat method and by adding 5 mmol/L HCl [28].
• Several anesthetic agents (pentobarbital, chloral hydrate, and urethane) each caused a decrease in the state of phosphorylation of these proteins [29].
• Effects of opiate receptor antagonists on centrally mediated cardiovascular responses to clonidine and beta-endorphin were studied in urethane-anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive Okamoto-Aoki rats (SHR), normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats, and Sprague-Dawley rats made hypertensive with deoxycorticosterone pivalate/salt [30].
• Electrical stimulation of the distal stump of the transected cervical sympathetic trunk produces a frequency-dependent activation of glucose utilization, measured by the deoxy[14C]glucose method, in the superior cervical ganglion of the urethane-anesthetized rat [31].

Gene context of urethane

• METHODS: Acid secretion was monitored every 10 minutes by gastric perfusion and backtitration of perfusates in fasted, urethane-anesthetized C57/129 sst2 (-/-) mice and wild-type (+/+) mice [32].
• The role of sst2 in the regulation of acid secretion was assessed using sst2 knockout mice and urethane to induce somatostatin release [32].
• Here we show that mice harboring a phospholipase C (PLC)-beta1(-/-) mutation (PLC-beta1(-/-) mice) lack one subset of theta rhythms normally observed during urethane anesthesia, alert immobility, and passive whole-body rotation [33].
• The relevance of endothelin in central cardiovascular function was studied in urethane-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats [34].
• In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of Vparp-/- and Tep1-/- mice to dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumorigenesis and urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis [18].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of urethane

• In urethane-anesthetized rats, neocortical EEG showed a periodical alternation between two states: a slow-wave state (SWS) characterized by large and slow waves and a fast-wave state (FWS) characterized by faster waves [35].
• During the first 2 weeks after treatment, urethan strongly suppressed the cytotoxicity by spleen cells of A/J mice but had relatively little effect on the reactivity of spleen cells of CBA/J mice [36].
• The effects of adrenalectomy (Ax) on urethan-induced lung tumors were determined in strains of mice that vary in their respective tumor susceptibilities: A/J (sensitive), BALB/cByJ (intermediate), and C57BL/6J (B6, resistant) [37].
• Corpus mucosal blood flow was measured by the hydrogen gas clearance technique and acid output by a continuous gastric perfusion method in fasted, urethane-anesthetized rats [38].
• Vagotomy blocked the effect of ICV NPY on gastric acid secretion in a urethane-anesthetized rat model with acute gastric fistula [39].

References